Revisiting the February 6th 1783 Scilla (Calabria, Italy) landslide and tsunami by numerical simulation

Bozzano, Francesca

doi:10.1007/s11001-011-9117-1

Cited by 38 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Such distribution of submarine landslides between passive and active margins is also highlighted by the steeper slope of the power law relationship (Table and Figures b and b). The effects of such small submarine landslides might still, however, be quite destructive for coastal and offshore infrastructure [ EI‐Robrini et al ., ; Mulder et al ., ; Cattaneo et al ., ], despite the fact that their tsunamigenic potential is rather limited and of relatively local extent [ Assier‐Rzadkiewicz et al ., ; Rathje et al ., ; Tinti et al ., ; Dan et al ., ; Mazzanti and Bozzano , ]. Submarine landslides are less frequent on passive margins of the Mediterranean Sea, but their size is considerably larger (on average 1 order of magnitude larger); this difference implies that their tsunamigenic potential is larger as stated in the previous paragraph.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The historic record of natural disasters generated by submarine processes such as tsunamis and volcanic island eruptions is unusually rich in the Mediterranean. Some of the historic tsunamis are related to submarine landslides; e.g., destruction of the harbor of Herod the Great in A.D. 115 at Caesarea Maritima, Israel [ Salamon et al ., ], the 1783 Scilla coastal landslide in Italy [ Mazzanti and Bozzano , ], the 1979 Nice airport landslide [ Assier‐Rzadkiewicz et al ., ], the 1980 El‐Asnam 7.3 M s earthquake and landslide [ El Robrini et al ., ], or the 2002 Stromboli volcano landslide [ Chiocci et al ., ]. In other instances, despite the lack of direct evidence, tsunami characteristics are difficult to reconcile with available seismological information suggesting slope failure phenomena are at the origin of tsunamis; e.g., the 1908 Messina, Italy [ Billi et al ., ] and 1956 central Aegean Sea tsunamis [ Perissoratis and Papadopoulos , ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Submarine landslides of the Mediterranean Sea: Trigger mechanisms, dynamics, and frequency-magnitude distribution

Úrgeles

Camerlenghi

2013

J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.

177

135

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[1] Submarine landslides are ubiquitous along Mediterranean continental margins. With the aim of understanding mass-wasting processes and related hazard at the scale of a large marine basin encompassing multiple geological settings, we have compiled data on their geometry, age, and trigger mechanism with a geographic information system. The distribution of submarine landslides in the Mediterranean reveals that major deltaic wedges have a higher density of large submarine landslides, while tectonically active margins are characterized by relatively small failures. In all areas, landslide size distributions display power law scaling for landslides > 1 km 3 . We find consistent differences on the exponent of the power law (θ) depending on the tectonic setting. Available age information suggests that failures exceeding 1000 km 3 are infrequent and may recur every~40 kyr. Smaller failures that can still cause significant damage might be relatively frequent (failures > 1 km 3 may recur every 40 years). The database highlights that our knowledge of submarine landslide activity with time is limited to a few tens of thousands of years. Available data suggest that submarine landslides may preferentially occur during lowstand periods, but no firm conclusion can be made on this respect, as only 70 landslides (out of 696 in the database) have relatively accurate age determinations. The temporal pattern and changes in frequency-magnitude distribution suggest that sedimentation patterns and pore pressure development have had a major role in triggering slope failures and control the sediment flux from mass wasting to the deep basin.Citation: Urgeles, R., and A. Camerlenghi (2013), Submarine landslides of the Mediterranean Sea: Trigger mechanisms, dynamics, and frequency-magnitude distribution,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Submarine landslides of the Mediterranean Sea: Trigger mechanisms, dynamics, and frequency-magnitude distribution

Úrgeles

Camerlenghi

2013

J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.

177

135

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“…Moreover, frequent and intense seismic activity characterises the area. The present terraced‐landscape configuration dates back to late 18th century, when the local settlements where redefined and the economic activities restarted, after the catastrophic earthquakes and tsunamis of 1783 and 1784 had totally destroyed the coastal towns in the area (Graziani, Maramai, & Tinti, ; Mazzanti & Bozzano, ; Vivenzio, ). Since then and up to the early 20th century, the agricultural terraces of Costa Viola were used mostly for vineyards and to a lesser extent for other crops such as olives and citrus, thus progressively conquering upwards the land before occupied by woods and wild vegetation, even in very steep sites presenting slope > 70°.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abandonment of traditional terraced landscape: A change detection approach (a case study in Costa Viola, Calabria, Italy)

2017

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This paper presents the results of a change‐detection study of the historical agricultural terraced landscape in “Costa Viola” (Calabria, South Italy). During the last century, because of the loss of economic competitiveness, it has undergone progressive abandonment, followed by landscape degradation. Taking into consideration the very steep slopes of Costa Viola and the need to analyse with high precision the historical evolution of the terraced landscape, research methods were implemented coupling advanced geomatic techniques with in situ detailed surveys. Based on historical aerial photographs, orthophotos, and numeric cartography, we analysed the land use/land cover change in the period 1955–2014 using photogrammetric and geoprocessing techniques, focusing particularly on trajectories in agricultural terraces. Area covered by active terraces decreased dramatically between 1955 and 2014, from 813.25 to 118.79 ha (−85.4%). The implemented spatial database was built in a free open‐source software taking into consideration spatial accuracies and completeness. Spatial comparison among land use/land cover maps was carried out using a postclassification comparison technique that can provide complete cross‐tabulation matrices. These data were compared with socio‐economic statistics concerning demography and trends of farms with vineyards. The evolutionary dynamics of the active agricultural terraces were also analysed trough the definition of 6 types of spatio‐temporal patterns recognised in the analysed period. These methods allowed to highlight the ongoing dynamics of abandonment of agricultural terraces in relation to their main causes and effects. Although tailored for the specific case study, they can be applied to many other terraced agricultural landscapes presenting similar characteristics and problems.

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“…Pacì rockslide triggered by the earthquake that occurred on 6 February 1783 during the "Terremoto delle Calabrie" seismic sequence. This rockslide involved approximately 8 Mm 3 and induced a tsunami wave responsible for more than 1,500 casualties in the adjacent Marina Grande beach area close to Scilla (Gerardi et al 2008;Graziani et al 2006;Bozzano et al 2011;Mazzanti and Bozzano 2011).…”

Section: Slope Instabilities In the Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Earthquake-reactivated landslide scenarios in Southern Italy based on spectral-matching input analysis

Bozzano¹,

Esposito²,

Martini

et al. 2013

Bull Earthquake Eng

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The Tyrrhenian portion of the Calabria region (southern Italy) is particularly prone to landslides as a consequence of intense morphodynamic processes. These processes affect the slopes that are composed of highly jointed metamorphic rock masses. Moreover, the frequent intense rainfalls and the up to Mw 7.0 regional earthquakes represent the main landslide triggering factors. An area of approximately 45 km 2 was selected as a test site in the context of a regional project aimed at reconstructing possible earthquake-reactivated landslide scenarios (i.e., referred to already existing landslide masses). An inventory map led to the identification of 175 landslides, including rock slides, earth slides and rock falls. Groundmotion scenarios based on a spectral-matching method were derived to evaluate the expected earthquake-induced displacements of the existing landslides. Naturally recorded acceleration time histories were selected from international ground-motion databases based on a similarity index and considered representative of the seismological features of the considered seismic sources (i.e., epicentral distance, magnitude, focal mechanism). Spectral attenuation was considered, according to well-established attenuation laws, to define the expected response spectrum at the outcropping bedrock corresponding to each existing landslide. Subsequently, the selected natural records were modified to guarantee spectral matching with the attenuated response spectra at each landslide site. The derived time histories were used to compute coseismic displacements via the classic Newmark's sliding-block method. Different scenarios of co-seismic landslide displacements or collapse were generated for different pore-water pressure hypotheses. The strongest Mw > 6 seismic scenario (Messina Straits seismogenic source) indicated an exceedance probability of earthquake-induced co-seismic landslide (2013) 11:1927-1948 collapse varying from 20 to 55 % with the increasing severity of the pore-water pressures. This probability corresponds to a percentage of co-seismic landslide displacements up to 40 % of the total inventoried landslides. The exceedance probability indicated that co-seismic landslide collapse drops below 20 % for Mw < 6 seismic scenarios. In contrast, if a uniform probability is assumed for the seismic action occurrence, i.e., return periods of 475 and 2,475 years, the total percentage of landslide co-seismic displacements could be as high as 70 and 90 %, respectively, for the considered pore-water pressures.Earthquake Eng

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Revisiting the February 6th 1783 Scilla (Calabria, Italy) landslide and tsunami by numerical simulation

Cited by 38 publications

References 22 publications

Submarine landslides of the Mediterranean Sea: Trigger mechanisms, dynamics, and frequency-magnitude distribution

Submarine landslides of the Mediterranean Sea: Trigger mechanisms, dynamics, and frequency-magnitude distribution

Abandonment of traditional terraced landscape: A change detection approach (a case study in Costa Viola, Calabria, Italy)

Earthquake-reactivated landslide scenarios in Southern Italy based on spectral-matching input analysis

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