“…In Equation (20), S represents household savings, indicating the balance of bank debt originating from households, and R and R represent the debt balances of nontrade firms and trade intermediate goods manufacturers, that is, bank loans, respectively. Drawing on the research of Bajraj et al [77], Agénor and Jia [78], Lozej et al [79], García-Cicco and García-Schmidt [80], Davis et al [81], and Sun et al [82], this article posits that due to an imperfect financial system, domestic banks operate in a non-efficient state. Additionally, it is highlighted that the intermediary services provided by these banks incur operational costs.…”