Revisiting the enzymes stored in the laticifers of Carica papaya in the context of their possible participation in the plant defence mechanism

Moussaoui, Abdelfattah El; Nijs, Michelle; Paul, C.; Wintjens, René; Vincentelli, Jean; Azarkan, Mohamed; Looze, Yvan

doi:10.1007/pl00000881

Cited by 158 publications

(131 citation statements)

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“…Latex coagulates when exposed to air and consists of an emulsion of polymers and metabolites that are often bitter or toxic. Therefore, it is proposed that natural latex has a protective function, sealing wounds, acting as a barrier to microorganisms, and discouraging herbivory (El Moussaoui et al, 2001). In addition to a wide range of lowmolecular-weight polypeptides (Nessler and Burnett, 1992;Azarkan et al, 2004), several other proteins and enzymes have been identified in the latices of laticiferous plants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyphenoloxidase Silencing Affects Latex Coagulation in Taraxacum Species

et al. 2009

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Latex is the milky sap that is found in many different plants. It is produced by specialized cells known as laticifers and can comprise a mixture of proteins, carbohydrates, oils, secondary metabolites, and rubber that may help to prevent herbivory and protect wound sites against infection. The wound-induced browning of latex suggests that it contains one or more phenoloxidizing enzymes. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the major latex proteins from two dandelion species, Taraxacum officinale and Taraxacum kok-saghyz, and enzymatic studies showing that polyphenoloxidase (PPO) is responsible for latex browning. Electrophoretic analysis and amino-terminal sequencing of the most abundant proteins in the aqueous latex fraction revealed the presence of three PPO-related proteins generated by the proteolytic cleavage of a single precursor (pre-PPO). The laticifer-specific pre-PPO protein contains a transit peptide that can target reporter proteins into chloroplasts when constitutively expressed in dandelion protoplasts, perhaps indicating the presence of structures similar to plastids in laticifers, which lack genuine chloroplasts. Silencing the PPO gene by constitutive RNA interference in transgenic plants reduced PPO activity compared with wild-type controls, allowing T. kok-saghyz RNA interference lines to expel four to five times more latex than controls. Latex fluidity analysis in silenced plants showed a strong correlation between residual PPO activity and the coagulation rate, indicating that laticifer-specific PPO plays a major role in latex coagulation and wound sealing in dandelions. In contrast, very little PPO activity is found in the latex of the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis, suggesting functional divergence of latex proteins during plant evolution.

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confidence: 99%

Polyphenoloxidase Silencing Affects Latex Coagulation in Taraxacum Species

et al. 2009

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“…For years, it was believed that serine proteases were rare in plants, but recently, several proteolytic enzymes that depend on a serine residue for catalytic activity have been isolated from various plant species with distinct locations, ranging from seeds to latex or fruits (Feijoo-Siota, Villa, 2011). In latex, the majority of proteases with considerable commercial importance are from cysteine type, such as papain, which is one of the most studied peptidases and is commercially available (El Moussaoui et al, 2001). Also, the latex of Calotropis procera has two known cysteine proteases (procerain and procerain B) and recently a new enzyme was purified from this latex (Ramos et al, 2013).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteinase activity in latex of three plants of the family Euphorbiaceae

Sobottka

Tonial

Sytwala

et al. 2014

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

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In the family of Euphorbiaceae, the genera Euphorbia and Sapium are known to contain essentially latex-bearing species. In the present study, the latex of Euphorbia selloi (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss., Euphorbia papillosa A.St.-Hil., and Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, plants native from Brazil, were examined concerning proteolytic activity. All studied species have proteins with significant proteolytic activity and E. papillosa has the greatest specific activity. Aiming to verify the type of protease present, an assay with different inhibitors was performed. In the three tested plants, the proteolytic activity was significantly inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF). Using techniques of electrophoresis with polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE), the subunits of proteins were separated according to their molecular masses, and the protein activity was visually detected by zymography.Uniterms: Euphorbiaceae/species/phytochemistry. Euphorbia papillosa/phytochemistry. Euphorbia selloi/ phytochemistry. Sapium glandulosum/phytochemistry. Euphorbia papillosa/proteinase activity. Euphorbia selloi/proteinase activity. Sapium glandulosum/proteinase activity. Endopeptidase. Gel electrophoresis.Dentro da família Euphorbiaceae, os gêneros Euphorbia e Sapium são conhecidos por incluírem basicamente espécies produtoras de látex. No presente estudo, o látex das plantas Euphorbia selloi (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss., Euphorbia papillosa A.St.-Hil. e Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, espécies nativas do Brasil, foi analisado em relação à atividade proteolítica. Todas as amostras analisadas possuem proteínas com significativa atividade, sendo que o látex da espécie E. papillosa apresenta a maior atividade específica. Com o objetivo de analisar quais os tipos de proteases responsáveis pela atividade proteolítica, realizaram-se ensaios com diferentes inibidores. Nas três plantas testadas a atividade foi inibida significativamente pelo cloridrato de 4-(fluoreto de 2-aminoetilbenzenossulfonil) (AEBSF), um inibidor de serino-proteases. Utilizando técnicas de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE), as subunidades das proteínas foram separadas de acordo com sua massa molecular e, através da zimografia, a atividade proteolítica pode ser detectada visualmente. Unitermos

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“…So, increased feed digestibility corresponded to improved production efficiency of hens received PL. Papaya latex may cause the better absorption of amino acids because of cysteine and proteinases (digestive enzymes) constitute as much as 80% of the enzyme fraction in papaya latex (El Moussaoui et al, 2001 andAzarkan et al, 2003) and due to antibacterial properties of papaya latex.…”

Section: -Nutrient Digestibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Productive Performance and Immunological Traits of Local Chicken Strain by Using Natural Enzymes (Plant Papain) and Remnants of Plant Papaya. 1- Effect of Papaya Latex on Laying Period

2015

EPSJ

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ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence addition of papaya latex on productive performance, digestibility, egg qualities, semen quality, carcass traits, immunity, some blood constituents and economic of efficiency of Dokki4 strain. A total number of 132 Dokki4 hens and 12 Dokki4 cocks, 32 weeks of age were randomly distributed into 4 groups with 3 replicates each (11 hens+1cock). Chicks were randomly divided into control (without any addition of PL0) and 3 treatment groups (basal diet containing papaya latex ground powder at levels 0.01(PL1), 0.03 (PL2) and 0.05% (PL3). The obtained results could be summarized as follows: 1) Final body weight, body weight gain, egg production, egg weight and egg mass for the layers fed diet supplemented with PL were increased significantly than those fed control diet. A feed conversion ratio was significantly improved with PL, whereas, daily feed intake significantly (P≤0.05) decreased with PL inclusion. 2) Digestibility coefficient values were significantly improved for hens fed diet supplemented with PL compared to those fed control diet. 3) Diets supplemented with PL had significantly increased shell thickness, egg shape index and HU. However, no effect on shell weight, yolk percentages and albumen were found. 4) Semen quality, fertility and hatchability were significantly (P≤ 0.05) improved by PL supplementation. 5) Feeding PL at different levels led to significant (P<0.05) decrease of total lipids and cholesterol on plasma and yolk. Also, add PL led to improved immune response. 6) Good economic efficiencies were observed with hens fed supplemented PL. Generally, it could be concluded that supplementation of papaya latex diets of laying hens improved egg production, feed conversion ratio, nutrients digestibility, immunity, semen quality, fertility, hatchability and economical efficiency especially with the addition of 0.05% papaya latex.

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Revisiting the enzymes stored in the laticifers of Carica papaya in the context of their possible participation in the plant defence mechanism

Cited by 158 publications

References 88 publications

Polyphenoloxidase Silencing Affects Latex Coagulation in Taraxacum Species

Polyphenoloxidase Silencing Affects Latex Coagulation in Taraxacum Species

Proteinase activity in latex of three plants of the family Euphorbiaceae

The Productive Performance and Immunological Traits of Local Chicken Strain by Using Natural Enzymes (Plant Papain) and Remnants of Plant Papaya. 1- Effect of Papaya Latex on Laying Period

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