Revisiting Scientific Issues for Industrial Applications of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Abstract

Inspired by high theoretical energy density (~2600 W h kg−1) and cost‐effectiveness of sulfur cathode, lithium–sulfur batteries are receiving great attention and considered as one of the most promising next‐generation high‐energy‐density batteries. However, over the past decades, the energy density and reliable safety levels as well as the commercial progress of lithium–sulfur batteries are still far from satisfactory due to the disconnection and huge gap between fundamental research and practical application. Therefore, it is highly necessary to revisit the scientific issues for the industrial applications of lithium–sulfur batteries. In this review, we focus on discussing the impact of design parameters (such as compaction density, sulfur loading, and electrolyte/sulfur ratio) on the electrochemical performance of lithium–sulfur batteries and corresponding inherent relationship and rules between them. We also propose the practical design rules of advanced sulfur electrodes. Moreover, safety hazard in respect of electrolyte, separator, and lithium metal anode is also illustrated in detail. With the target of paving the way for practical application of lithium–sulfur batteries, feasible solutions and strategies are brought up to address the aforementioned problems. Finally, we will discuss the current challenges and future research chance of lithium–sulfur batteries.

Expediting redox kinetics of sulfur species by atomic‐scale electrocatalysts in lithium–sulfur batteries

“…However, the insulating end‐redox products (S/Li 2 S) and massive lithium polysulfide migration impose great kinetic challenges to fully realize energy‐dense Li–S batteries . The complex S/Li 2 S deposition and accumulation on the conductive scaffolds render high barriers for both charge and mass transport, especially under high sulfur loading and low electrolyte/sulfur ratio conditions . Therefore, propelling sulfur redox kinetics and mediating Li 2 S precipitation constitute grand challenges to achieve robust Li–S batteries.…”

“…11,12 The complex S/Li 2 S deposition and accumulation on the conductive scaffolds render high barriers for both charge and mass transport, especially under high sulfur loading and low electrolyte/sulfur ratio conditions. [13][14][15][16] Therefore, propelling sulfur redox kinetics and mediating Li 2 S precipitation constitute grand challenges to achieve robust Li-S batteries.…”

Review on Recent Advances of Cathode Materials for Potassium‐ion Batteries

“…Secondary batteries are considered as promising and important carriers to store and deliver these energies due to their efficiency and portability. Among all secondary batteries, lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have achieved tremendous successes in portable electronics and electric vehicles, due to their high energy density and long cycle life . However, the increasing demands for LIBs are greatly restricted to the low abundance and the uneven distribution of lithium ( Figure a) .…”

A review of rechargeable batteries for portable electronic devices

“…Nevertheless, it should be noted that these new batteries are still far from mature. There are many technical challenges in translating research lab findings to scalable industrial production . Significant research and development efforts are required to make them competitive with the existing state‐of‐the‐art Li‐ion batteries for practical PED applications.…”