Revisiting Plant‐Herbivore Co‐Evolution in the Molecular Biology Era

Jander, Georg

doi:10.1002/9781118829783.ch11

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…CiLV-C infection downregulated the interconnected ET and JA pathways at 2 and 6 dai (Figures 3C and 4B), respectively. Similarly, downregulation of JA-responsive genes involved in the biosynthesis of glucosinolates, compounds acting against herbivores (Jander, 2014), was also detected at the last time point (Figure 4B). The concomitance of the induction of SA and reduction of JA during the plant infection by CiLV-C is likely a consequence of the SA-JA antagonism (Arena et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Plant Immune System Activation Upon Citrus Leprosis Virus C Infection Is Mimicked by the Ectopic Expression of the P61 Viral Protein

et al. 2020

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Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, genus Cilevirus , family Kitaviridae ) is an atypical virus that does not spread systemically in its plant hosts. Upon its inoculation by Brevipalpus mites, only localized lesions occur, and the infection remains limited to cells around mite feeding sites. Here, we aimed to gain insights into the putative causes of viral unfitness in plants by expanding the limited knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying plant/kitavirid interactions. Firstly, we quantified the CiLV-C viral RNAs during the infection in Arabidopsis thaliana plants using RT-qPCR and systematized it by defining three stages of distinguishing subgenomic and genomic RNA accumulation: i) 0–24 h after infestation, ii) 2–4 days after infestation (dai), and iii) 6–10 dai. Accordingly, the global plant response to CiLV-C infection was assessed by RNA-Seq at each period. Results indicated a progressive reprogramming of the plant transcriptome in parallel to the increasing viral loads. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed the induction of cell growth-related processes at the early stages of the infection and the triggering of the SA-mediated pathway, ROS burst and hypersensitive response (HR) at the presymptomatic stage. Conversely, infected plants downregulated JA/ET-mediated pathways and processes involved in the primary metabolism including photosynthesis. Marker genes of unfolded protein response were also induced, suggesting a contribution of the endoplasmic reticulum stress to the cell death caused by the viral infection. Finally, we transiently expressed CiLV-C proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana plants to undertake their roles in the elicited plant responses. Expression of the CiLV-C P61 protein consistently triggered ROS burst, upregulated SA- and HR-related genes, increased SA levels, reduced JA levels, and caused cell death. Mimicry of responses typically observed during CiLV-C–plant interaction indicates P61 as a putative viral effector causing the HR-like symptoms associated with the infection. Our data strengthen the hypothesis that symptoms of CiLV-C infection might be the outcome of a hypersensitive-like response during an incompatible interaction. Consequently, the locally restricted infection of CiLV-C, commonly observed across infections by kitavirids, supports the thesis that these viruses, likely arising from an ancestral arthropod-infecting virus, are unable to fully circumvent plant defenses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Plant Immune System Activation Upon Citrus Leprosis Virus C Infection Is Mimicked by the Ectopic Expression of the P61 Viral Protein

et al. 2020

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“…One fundamental question is whether species will be able to adapt fast enough to track rapid environmental change (Visser, 2008). Plants have evolved a variety of chemical and morphological traits that allow them to resist or tolerate herbivores, and insects have evolved traits that allow them to overcome many plant defenses (Ratzka et al, 2002;Glauser et al, 2011;Jander, 2014;War et al, 2018). The evolution of plant and insect traits related to herbivory and defense can happen rapidly enough to influence ecological dynamics.…”

Section: Evolutionary Consequences Of Climate Change For Plant-hementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, plants have evolved complex mechanical and chemical defenses against herbivory (Gong & Zhang, 2014; Burkepile & Parker, 2017), and herbivores have evolved to circumvent these defenses (Karageorgi et al ., 2019). Coevolutionary dynamics can generate specialized interactions, resulting in a diversity of species, forms and functional traits (Jander, 2014; Karageorgi et al ., 2019). However, even intense and prolonged eco‐evolutionary dynamics occur in the context of an abiotic environment that can change.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change alters plant–herbivore interactions

et al. 2020

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“…The synthesis of chemical defences has a high metabolic cost (Jander, 2018), hence presenting plants with a dilemma of whether 'to grow or to defend' (Herms & Mattson, 1992). When nutrients and water are abundant, vegetative growth is usually given priority over the production and storage of secondary metabolites (Herms & Mattson, 1992).…”

Section: The Relationship Between Plant Water Stress and Insect Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do herbivorous insects respond to drought stress in trees?

2019

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Increased frequency and severity of drought, as a result of climate change, is expected to drive critical changes in plant–insect interactions that may elevate rates of tree mortality. The mechanisms that link water stress in plants to insect performance are not well understood. Here, we build on previous reviews and develop a framework that incorporates the severity and longevity of drought and captures the plant physiological adjustments that follow moderate and severe drought. Using this framework, we investigate in greater depth how insect performance responds to increasing drought severity for: (i) different feeding guilds; (ii) flush feeders and senescence feeders; (iii) specialist and generalist insect herbivores; and (iv) temperate versus tropical forest communities. We outline how intermittent and moderate drought can result in increases of carbon‐based and nitrogen‐based chemical defences, whereas long and severe drought events can result in decreases in plant secondary defence compounds. We predict that different herbivore feeding guilds will show different but predictable responses to drought events, with most feeding guilds being negatively affected by water stress, with the exception of wood borers and bark beetles during severe drought and sap‐sucking insects and leaf miners during moderate and intermittent drought. Time of feeding and host specificity are important considerations. Some insects, regardless of feeding guild, prefer to feed on younger tissues from leaf flush, whereas others are adapted to feed on senescing tissues of severely stressed trees. We argue that moderate water stress could benefit specialist insect herbivores, while generalists might prefer severe drought conditions. Current evidence suggests that insect outbreaks are shorter and more spatially restricted in tropical than in temperate forests. We suggest that future research on the impact of drought on insect communities should include (i) assessing how drought‐induced changes in various plant traits, such as secondary compound concentrations and leaf water potential, affect herbivores; (ii) food web implications for other insects and those that feed on them; and (iii) interactions between the effects on insects of increasing drought and other forms of environmental change including rising temperatures and CO2 levels. There is a need for larger, temperate and tropical forest‐scale drought experiments to look at herbivorous insect responses and their role in tree death.

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Revisiting Plant‐Herbivore Co‐Evolution in the Molecular Biology Era

Cited by 18 publications

References 84 publications

Plant Immune System Activation Upon Citrus Leprosis Virus C Infection Is Mimicked by the Ectopic Expression of the P61 Viral Protein

Plant Immune System Activation Upon Citrus Leprosis Virus C Infection Is Mimicked by the Ectopic Expression of the P61 Viral Protein

Climate change alters plant–herbivore interactions

How do herbivorous insects respond to drought stress in trees?

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