Revisiting flexible polyurethane foam flammability in furniture and bedding in the United States

Abstract

The flammability of flexible polyurethane foam has been well studied to date, via smoldering and flaming ignition. Its contribution to fire loss in the United States has also been well documented, as the flammability of this material will contribute to large fire events when not protected from ignition and heat sources. Despite this

It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams

“…In addition to focusing on the environmental impact of the end-of-life disposal of PUFs themselves, the potential hazards of phosphorus-based flame retardants used in PUFs are also noteworthy. Since many small-molecule phosphorous flame retardants are not chemically bonded to the polymeric products, they can be released into the living environment through volatilization, leaching, and/or abrasion over time, and people can easily be exposed to them [151]. The potential health concerns phosphorous flame retardants present for human beings are considerable.…”

Solving the soft furnishings fire problem (without incurring collateral damage)

“…It is the component that most of the furniture fire safety tactics are aimed at controlling. Morgan 11 reviews the uses of FPUFs in soft furnishings, the extensive research into their ignition and burning behavior, and regulations for their fire behavior. He also discusses the techniques for reducing their fire contribution, some of which are the subject of other papers ion this Special Issue.…”

Acid-Doped Biopolymer Nanocoatings for Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foam

“…The combustion of this melt pool leads to the release of chemical asphyxiants, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. 3,4 Many flame-retardant treatments have been applied to reduce the flammability of PUF. Halogenated flame retardants, popularized for their inexpensive production and effectiveness on diverse substrates, have come under scrutiny for their inherent health hazards and their environmental toxicity.…”

“…When ignited, the foam experiences a two-step degradation that begins with depolymerization, resulting in the formation of a highly flammable pool of molten polyurethane precursors. The combustion of this melt pool leads to the release of chemical asphyxiants, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. , …”