Revisions toPenicilliumser.Corymbifera: agents responsible for blue mould storage rot of various flower and vegetable bulbs

Abstract

Fifteen strains representing each Penicillium ser. Corymbifera taxa were compared using phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characters by cluster analysis and discriminant partial least squares regression. Variability in phenotypic expression of species strains resulted in a more fragmented classification compared with secondary metabolite expression. Although the observed phenotypic expression varied for strains cultured upon the same media, it was possible to classify strains into species groupings based only upon a few distinctive phenotypic traits. Data analysis of secondary metabolite profiles generated from HPLC-diode array dectection analysis gave reliable strain classification when more than one media type was employed. Depending on the species, Czapek yeast autolysate agar typically yielded the greatest chemical diversity; however, several metabolites (terrestric acid, corymbiferone, the corymbiferan lactones, and daldinin D) were only produced when strains were grown on either yeast extract sucrose or oatmeal agar. For the classification of strains based on a binary data matrix, application of the Yule coefficient gave the best clustering. Several secondary metabolites, of importance for the classification of ser. Corymbifera strains, were identified by discriminant-partial least squares regression analysis. A diagnostic key based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and pathogenic traits is provided as an aid for species identification.Résumé : Les auteurs ont comparé quinze souches représentant chacun des taxons du Penicillium ser. Corymbifera, sur la base de caractères phénotypiques et chémotaxonomiques, à l'aide de l'analyse par regroupements et la régression des moindres carrés partiellement discriminants. La variabilité de l'expression phénotypique des souches spécifiques aboutit à une classification plus fragmentée, comparativement à l'expression des métabolites secondaires. Bien que l'expression phé-notypique varie chez les cultures cultivées sur les mêmes milieux, il est possible de classifier les souches en regroupements d'espèces, mais seulement sur la base de quelques caractères phénotypiques distinctifs. L'analyse des données des métabo-lites secondaires, générées à partir d'analyses HPLC-DAD, conduit à une classification fiable des souches, lorsqu'on utilise plus d'un type de milieux. Selon l'espèce, la gélose de Czapek avec autolysat de levure donne généralement la plus grande diversité chimique; cependant, plusieurs métabolites (acide terrestrique, corymbiferone, lactones corymbifériennes et daldine D) ne sont produits que lorsque les souches sont cultivées sur gélose à base de saccharose et extrait de levure, ou de farine d'avoine. Pour la classification des souches, basée sur une matrice de données binaires, l'application du coefficient de Yule donne le meilleur regroupement. Plusieurs métabolites secondaires, importants pour la classification des souches de la sér. Corymbifera, ont été identifiées par l'analyse D-PSLR. Les auteurs proposent une clé diagnostique d'identification des espèces, basée...

Host ranges of Penicillium species causing blue mold of bulb crops in Washington State and Idaho

“…Extensive collections of Penicillium species of the section Viridicata, many formerly placed in series Corymbifera (essentially segregates of P. corymbiferum Westling, syn. = P. hirsutum Dierckx) and primarily from Europe, have been extensively researched by Overy et al (2005aOvery et al ( , 2005bOvery et al ( , 2005c. A collection of lesser depth but exclusively from the United States and concentrated in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) has been similarly addressed (Dugan et al, 2011(Dugan et al, , 2014) with a detailed synopsis of taxonomy and nomenclature (Dugan et al, 2014).…”

A critical review of producers of small lactone mycotoxins: patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin

“…Komagata et al, 1996Tachibana et al, 2008 Penicillium stoloniferum Alsberg andBlack, 1913;Clutterbuck et al, 1932Ciegler et al, 1972Lindenfelser and Ciegler, 1977 Overy and Frisvad, 2003;Overy et al, 2005; Penicillium vanderhammenii Houbraken et al, 2011 Penicillium verrucosum Gedek et al, 1981;Moslem, 2013;Oh et al, 1998Penicillium viridicatum Bresler et al, 1995Ciegler et al, 1972Ciegler et al, , 1973Jiménez et al, 1991;Lund and Frisvad, 1994;Mintzlaff et al, 1972;Northolt et al, 1979;Oh et al, 1998 Trichoderma spp. 2 Lebed et al, 1978 …”

“…Terrestric acid is rather closely related to penicillic acid, and is produced by P. aurantiogriseum, Penicillium crustosum (= Penicillium terrestre), Penicillium hirsutum, Penicillium hordei, Penicillium radicicola, Penicillium tricolor, Penicillium tulipae, Penicillium venetum and Magnaporte grisea = Pyricularia oryzae (Birkinshaw and Raistrick, 1936;Frisvad et al, 1994Lund and Frisvad, 1994;Overy and Frisvad, 2003;Overy et al, 2005;Sonjak et al, 2005;Yu et al, 2010). Production of terrestric acid by Penicillium griseoroseum (Da Silva et al, 2013), and Penicillium viridicatum (Birkinshaw and Samant, 1960) could not be confirmed , other metabolites produced by these organisms indicate they were in fact P. crustosum .…”

“…albocoremium (Frisvad and Filtenborg, 1989), but this taxon was later subdivided in Penicillium albocoremium, P. radicicola and P. tulipae. Only the last two species produce terrestric acid (Overy and Frisvad, 2003;Overy et al, 2005). This small acidic lactone is also phytotoxic (Nukina, 1988) and cardiotoxic (Giarman, 1948(Giarman, , 1949, thus resembling penicillic acid in some of its bioactivities.…”

“…This small acidic lactone is also phytotoxic (Nukina, 1988) and cardiotoxic (Giarman, 1948(Giarman, , 1949, thus resembling penicillic acid in some of its bioactivities. P. aurantiogriseum, P. radicicola and P. tulipae can produce both penicillic acid and terrestric acid Overy and Frisvad, 2003;Overy et al, 2005).…”