“…A myriad of various tendon transfers have been used for augmentation with the FHL tendon autograft being preferred by most surgeons. 4 Revision repair of a re-ruptured tendon presents a complicated situation for the orthopaedic surgeon and to date no gold standard treatment has been developed. 5,6 Fig 7 . Intraoperative image of the right foot and ankle from a posteromedial viewpoint.…”
“…A myriad of various tendon transfers have been used for augmentation with the FHL tendon autograft being preferred by most surgeons. 4 Revision repair of a re-ruptured tendon presents a complicated situation for the orthopaedic surgeon and to date no gold standard treatment has been developed. 5,6 Fig 7 . Intraoperative image of the right foot and ankle from a posteromedial viewpoint.…”
“… 58 , 123 In Sweden, the average cost of surgical management of acute Achilles tendon (AT) ruptures in 2009-2010 was around $10,000. 178 Moreover, revision rates following initial treatment for AT rupture (2%-8%) 89 , 130 and ACL revisions (3-16%) 122 , 176 suggest that more effective treatment offer considerable potential exists for not only reducing costs, but also improving patients’ functional outcome.…”
The critical clinical and scientific insights achieved through knowledge of in vivo musculoskeletal soft tissue strains has motivated the development of relevant measurement techniques. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the key findings, limitations, and clinical impacts of these techniques to quantify musculoskeletal soft tissue strains during dynamic movements. Current technologies generally leverage three techniques to quantify in vivo strain patterns, including implantable strain sensors, virtual fibre elongation, and ultrasound. (1) Implantable strain sensors enable direct measurements of tissue strains with high accuracy and minimal artefact, but are highly invasive and current designs are not clinically viable. (2) The virtual fibre elongation method tracks the relative displacement of tissue attachments to measure strains in both deep and superficial tissues. However, the associated imaging techniques often require exposure to radiation, limit the activities that can be performed, and only quantify bone-to-bone tissue strains. (3) Ultrasound methods enable safe and non-invasive imaging of soft tissue deformation. However, ultrasound can only image superficial tissues, and measurements are confounded by out-of-plane tissue motion. Finally, all in vivo strain measurement methods are limited in their ability to establish the slack length of musculoskeletal soft tissue structures. Despite the many challenges and limitations of these measurement techniques, knowledge of in vivo soft tissue strain has led to improved clinical treatments for many musculoskeletal pathologies including anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, Achilles tendon repair, and total knee replacement. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of these measurement techniques and identifies the key features of in vivo strain measurement that can facilitate innovative personalized sports medicine treatment.
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