“…The ANOVA revealed that the difference in mean score was statistically significant between undergraduate and graduate students for each of the three dimensions of the CoI framework. Given that online learning requires higher levels of self-regulation than in-person courses (Pool, Reitsma, & van den Berg, 2017), graduate students may have sophisticated learning skills to address any barriers and the independence to confront feelings of isolation often experienced in online learning environments (Clark, Strudler, & Grove, 2015;Tsai, 2007). Since undergraduate students may not have sufficient social support and subsequent difficulty dealing with stress (Ickes, Brown, Reeves, & Martin, 2015), and maturity for post-secondary education in general, it is not surprising that undergraduate students' may not be ready for a foyer into the independence and rigour called for in online post-secondary courses.…”