Revised black carbon assessment using benzene polycarboxylic acids

Brodowski, Sonja; Rodionov, Andrej; Haumaier, Ludwig; Glaser, Bruno; Amelung, Wulf

doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.03.011

Cited by 289 publications

(278 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Higher proportions of mellitic acid in the Ap horizon had suggested that most of these fossil BPCA sources were indeed allocated in the surface rather than in the subsurface soil . We did not yet date BPCA from the different depths using our revised BPCA method (Brodowski et al, 2005a); however, results from older dating using the method of Glaser et al (1998) indeed supported the hypothesis that BPCAs of the surface soils were depleted in 14 C compared to those from the subsoil (data biased by artificial charring and therefore not shown here). et al (2007) determined benzene polycarboxylic acids as molecular markers for BC.…”

Section: Origin and Function Of Black Carbon In The Soils Under Studymentioning

confidence: 60%

“…It accumulated preferentially in the occluded particulate OM and in OC of coarse-particle-size fractions, but, fossil-C signals were also detected in soil OC resistant to oxidation by H 2 O 2 and Na 2 S 2 O 8 . Large stocks of passive OM in the Phaeozem were thus formed by fossil C which may be explained by its refractory aromatic structure (Ludwig et al, 2003;Rethemeyer et al, 2004a) and by close interactions of fossil compounds with mineral surfaces (Rethemeyer, 2004;Brodowski et al, 2005a). However, it was also shown that some of the fossil C entered the microbial C cycle (Rethemeyer et al, 2004b;Marschner et al, 2008, this issue, pp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three reasons may account for this. Firstly, the BPCA oxidation method fails to quantitatively assess BC because originally BC-inherent C may be lost as CO 2 during oxidation (see Brodowski et al, 2005a, for further discussion on the factor used) and some extremely highly condensed pyrogenic C such as soot may partly survive the oxidation (Hammes et al, 2007). Secondly, other fossil C entered the soil, such as lignite with large proportions of nonaromatic and only small proportions of highly condensed aromatic and, hence, BPCA-assessable structures (Laskov et al, 2002); and thirdly, former BC from fossil sources may already have been converted into other SOM structures.…”

Section: Origin and Function Of Black Carbon In The Soils Under Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Storage and stability of organic matter and fossil carbon in a Luvisol and Phaeozem with continuous maize cropping: A synthesis

Flessa

Amelung

Helfrich

et al. 2008

Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk.

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Quantitative information about the amount and stability of organic carbon (OC) in different soil organic-matter (OM) fractions and in specific organic compounds and compound-classes is needed to improve our understanding of organic-matter sequestration in soils. In the present paper, we summarize and integrate results performed on two different arable soils with continuous maize cropping (a) Stagnic Luvisol with maize cropping for 24 y, b) Luvic Phaeozem with maize cropping for 39 y) to identify (1) the storage of OC in different soil organic-matter fractions, (2) the function of these fractions with respect to soil-OC stabilization, (3) the importance and partitioning of fossil-C deposits, and (4) the rates of soil-OC stabilization as assessed by compound-specific isotope analyses. The fractionation procedures included particle-size fractionation, density fractionation, aggregate fractionation, acid hydrolysis, different oxidation procedures, isolation of extractable lipids and phospholipid fatty acids, pyrolysis, and the determination of black C. Stability of OC was determined by 13 C and 14 C analyses. The main inputs of OC were plant litter (both sites) and deposition of fossil C likely from coal combustion and lignite dust (only Phaeozem). Total soil OC stocks down to a depth of 65 cm (7.83 kg m -2 in the Luvisol and 9.66 kg m -2 in the Phaeozem) consisted mainly of mineral-bound OC (87% of total SOC in the Luvisol and 69% in the Phaeozem). In the Luvisol, free light particulate OM, OM associated with sand and coarse silt, and particulate OM occluded in macro-aggregates represented SOM fractions with mean turnover times shorter than that of the bulk soil OC (54 y). Additionally, the turnover of all individual compounds or compound classes (except for black carbon) was faster than that of bulk soil OC. These OM fractions that were less stable than the bulk soil OM made up 13% to 20% of the total OC. Organic matter in fine and medium silt and clay fractions, particulate OM occluded in micro-aggregates (53-250 lm) and OM resistant to acid hydrolysis had intermediate turnover times of about 50-100 y. These fractions with intermediate turnover times contributed 70%-80% to total soil OC. Passive OM with turnover times >200 y was isolated from the mineral-bound OM by different oxidation procedures (H 2 O 2 , Na 2 S 2 O 8 ) and made up ≤10% of the total OC. The isotopic signature of PLFAs suggests an efficient recycling of OC derived from C3 substrate. In the Phaeozem, partitioning of maize-derived C exhibited a pattern similar to the Luvisol, but turnover rates of vegetation-derived soil OC were lower, probably because of the considerably smaller input of plant residues. Fossil C contributed approx. 50% to the total OC and accumulated preferentially in the particulate OM occluded in aggregates and in the fine-sand and

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Section: Origin and Function Of Black Carbon In The Soils Under Studymentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Origin and Function Of Black Carbon In The Soils Under Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Storage and stability of organic matter and fossil carbon in a Luvisol and Phaeozem with continuous maize cropping: A synthesis

Flessa

Amelung

Helfrich

et al. 2008

Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk.

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“…Among the data presented in this paper, the decomposition of charred plant materials (black C) was determined in shortand long-term incubation experiments in quartz sand or soil, monitoring either CO 2 evolution (Hamer et al, 2004) or analyzing specific compounds characteristic of black C (Brodowski et al, 2005b). Similarly, lignin degradation and SOM mineralization from various soils and in soil size fractions were determined in 3-4-week laboratory incubations with CO 2 -efflux monitoring (Hamer andMarschner, 2002, 2005a;Ohm et al, 2007).…”

Section: Decomposition and Incubation Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How relevant is recalcitrance for the stabilization of organic matter in soils?

Marschner

Brodowski

Dreves

et al. 2008

Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk.

624

359

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Traditionally, the selective preservation of certain recalcitrant organic compounds and the formation of recalcitrant humic substances have been regarded as an important mechanism for soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization. Based on a critical overview of available methods and on results from a cooperative research program, this paper evaluates how relevant recalcitrance is for the long-term stabilization of SOM or its fractions. Methodologically, recalcitrance is difficult to assess, since the persistence of certain SOM fractions or specific compounds may also be caused by other stabilization mechanisms, such as physical protection or chemical interactions with mineral surfaces. If only free particulate SOM obtained from density fractionation is considered, it rarely reaches ages exceeding 50 y. Older light particles have often been identified as charred plant residues or as fossil C. The degradability of the readily bioavailable dissolved or water-extractable OM fraction is often negatively correlated with its content in aromatic compounds, which therefore has been associated with recalcitrance. But in subsoils, dissolved organic matter aromaticity and biodegradability both are very low, indicating that other factors or compounds limit its degradation. Among the investigated specific compounds, lignin, lipids, and their derivatives have mean turnover times faster or similar as that of bulk SOM. Only a small fraction of the lignin inputs seems to persist in soils and is mainly found in the fine textural size fraction (<20 lm), indicating physico-chemical stabilization. Compound-specific analysis of 13 C : 12 C ratios of SOM pyrolysis products in soils with C3-C4 crop changes revealed no compounds with mean residence times of > 40-50 y, unless fossil C was present in substantial amounts, as at a site exposed to lignite inputs in the past. Here, turnover of pyrolysis products seemed to be much longer, even for those attributed to carbohydrates or proteins. Apparently, fossil C from lignite coal is also utilized by soil organisms, which is further evidenced by low 14 C concentrations in microbial phospholipid fatty acids from this site. Also, black C from charred plant materials was susceptible to microbial degradation in a short-term (60 d) and a long-term (2 y) incubation

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“…It has also been found numerous particles of BC in the medium density fraction indicating organ-mineral complexes and the distribution of BC across aggregate fractions in close contact with minerals. [28][29][30][31] …”

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confidence: 99%

Nutrients in Amazonian Black Earth from Caxiuanã Region

Lemos¹,

Meireles²,

Fernandes³

et al. 2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Padrões de dispersão de nutrientes em terra preta Amazônica (TPA) podem dar informações sobre atividades antrópicas dos habitantes da Amazônia. Estudos sobre pH, fósforo disponível (P), matéria orgânica (MO) e os cátions trocáveis, Ca 2+ e Mg 2+ , foram realizados em amostras de solos dos horizontes A 1 e A 2 ao longo de uma área com TPA (norte-sul e lesteoeste) em um sítio arqueológico denominado Ilha de Terra, na Unidade de Conservação Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, Município de Melgaço, Brasil. Os resultados indicaram que a MO e o Ca são os que apresentam maior dispersão. Correlações mais elevadas foram encontradas entre OM-Ca-Mg às proximidades da área central e levam a inferir que a dispersão geoquímica de MO, Ca, Mg e P em sítios arqueológicos com TPA está relacionada com atividades humanas pregressas.Dispersion of nutrients in Amazonian black earth (ABE) can provide information on human activities of the inhabitants of the Amazon region. Studies on the pH, available phosphorus (P), organic matter (OM) and the exchangeable cations Ca 2 + and Mg 2 + were performed on soil samples from horizons A 1 and A 2 over an area with TPA (north-south and east-west) at a site called Ilha de Terra, located in the Conservation Unit Caxiuanã National Forest, Melgaço County, Brazil. The results indicated that the OM and Ca 2+ are the ones with greater dispersion. Higher correlations were found between OM-Ca-Mg to near the central area. This leads to the inference that the dispersion geochemistry of MO, Ca, Mg and P in archaeological sites with TPA is related to past human activities.Keywords: nutrients, Caxiuanã, soils, Amazonian black earth IntroductionChemical, mineralogical and micromorphological analysis can be used to interpret human activities from material remains in soils. The abandonment of human activities in settlements does not affect chemical residue remains in soils. The potential validity of the chemical analysis of soil to interpret archaeological finds lies in its ability to predict significant features based on (i) the chemical signatures of total concentrations of multielements such as Ba, Ca, P, Zn, Cu and Pb in soils; 1 (ii) the chemical signatures of floor samples in the Maya region; 2,3 (iii) the available nutrients in soils from the Brazilian Amazon basin, 4-8 known by designations such as black earth, Indian black earth, anthropogenic black earth, archaeological black earth, Amazonian black earth (ABE) 9,10 or Amazonian dark earths. 11,12 The area in which ABE occurs is characterized by well-drained soil, running water and located in a particular geographical setting from which the surrounding areas can be clearly observed. 9 ABE is a soil that can be distinguished from other soils from the Brazilian Amazon because of its high content of Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, P and C due to the incorporation of bones and organic matter (OM). The high level of organic matter in ABE is attributed to the time of human occupation of the site. [10][11][12][13] According to the soil classification system, ABE sites can be foun...

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Revised black carbon assessment using benzene polycarboxylic acids

Cited by 289 publications

References 32 publications

Storage and stability of organic matter and fossil carbon in a Luvisol and Phaeozem with continuous maize cropping: A synthesis

Storage and stability of organic matter and fossil carbon in a Luvisol and Phaeozem with continuous maize cropping: A synthesis

How relevant is recalcitrance for the stabilization of organic matter in soils?

Nutrients in Amazonian Black Earth from Caxiuanã Region

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