Revised and abbreviated forms of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale: Tools for assessing anti-trans* prejudice.

Abstract

Many studies of anti-trans prejudice have measured such attitudes using the Genderism and Transphobia Scale (GTS; Hill & Willoughby, 2005). The GTS is unique in assessing negative attitudes and propensity for violence toward trans people. The present research addressed previously observed limitations in the psychometric properties of data produced by the GTS, including inconsistencies in factor structure and subscale scoring across studies. Results across the present 2 studies (Ns = 314 and 250) yielded 2 refined versions of the GTS: the 22-item GTS-Revised (GTS-R) and a more abbreviated 13-item GTS-R-Short Form (GTS-R-SF), each of which produced stable 2-factor structures corresponding with the intended negative attitudes and propensity for violence dimensions of the GTS. The 2 versions differ in that the GTS-R-SF Genderism/Transphobia subscale focuses on more severe expressions of prejudicial attitudes, whereas the longer GTS-R Genderism/Transphobia subscale assesses subtle expressions of prejudice as well. The Gender-Bashing subscale is identical across the 2 versions. Thus, researchers and practitioners may choose the GTS-R or GTS-R-SF depending on the breadth of prejudicial attitudes they wish to assess. Reliability estimates for GTS-R and GTS-R-SF scale and subscale item responses were acceptable and stable across the 2 studies, and validity evidence was garnered in Study 2. These findings can inform use of the GTS-R and GTS-R-SF in research and practice settings, where psychometric precision and efficiency are both critical.

Reducing gender identity bias through imagined intergroup contact

“…Prior research has relied on terminology that only partially encompasses the manifestations of negative reactions to transgender individuals. For example, existing terms like "transphobia" and "transprejudice" focus primarily on negative attitudes and emotions, particularly fear (Hill & Willoughby, 2005;John, Loewenstein, & Prelec, 2009;Tebbe, Moradi, & Ege, 2014;Winter et al, 2009). Of importance, these terms obscure other negative reactions, such as stereotyping, discriminatory behavior, and physical violence.…”

Professors’ Research Expectations for Admission to Psychology Graduate Programs

“…Higher scores on the GTSRSF Genderism/Transphobia scale indicate higher levels of antitrans attitudes. Tebbe et al, (2014) reported a .93 Cronbach's α for the Genderism/Transphobia subscale items, as well as evidence for convergent and discriminant validity. In the present study, Cronbach's α was .97 for the Genderism/Transphobia subscale, demonstrating strong internal consistency.…”

“…The GTSRSF (Tebbe et al, 2014) is a revision of the original Genderism and Transphobia Scale (Hill & Willoughby, 2005). The GTSRSF con tains two subscales (a) Genderism/Transphobia, an overall negative evaluation and negative emotions associated with gender nonconformity; and (b) Gender Bashing, which refers to the propensity for explicit harassment and/or assault toward trans individuals (Tebbe et al, 2014). Because the present study focused on more subtle and nonviolent forms of antitrans attitudes, the 5item GenderBashing subscale was not included in the questionnaire.…”

“…Turner, Crisp, and Lambert (2007) found that imagined group contact helped to change individuals' attitudes toward those of a different sexual orientation. Because previous research has found correlations among predictors of homophobia and antitrans attitudes (e.g., Hill & Willoughby, 2005;Tebbe, Moradi, & Ege, 2014), these studies raise important questions that could be applied to research related to interpersonal contact and attitudes toward transgender individu als. Therefore, the present study sought to examine whether greater levels of direct interpersonal contact with transgender individuals (i.e., having met a trans person) would predict lower antitrans attitude scores.…”

When leaders are not who they appear: The effects of leader disclosure of a concealable stigma on follower reactions

“…We also controlled for previous contact with transgender people using three items adapted from Fingerhut () based on past research showing that intergroup contact is related to behaviors toward sexual minorities (e.g., Mereish & Poteat, ). Attitudes toward gender identity minorities using nine items from Tebbe, Moradi, and Ege's () transphobia measure and social desirability using Reynolds' () 12‐item measure were controlled as both may impact ratings of gender minorities in employment contexts (Pichler et al, ).…”