Reviews of the environmental effects of pollutants: IV. Cadmium

Abstract

Thla report was prepared aa an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United Statea Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, contractors, subcontractors, or their employeea, makee any warranty, ezpreee or implied, nor assumes say legal liability or reaponalbility for any third party*a use or the results of such uee of any Information, apparatus, product or proceaa disclosed in this report, nor represents that ita use by such third party would not infringe privately owned rights. Thla report has been reviewed by the Health Effacta Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval doaa not aignify that tha contents necessarily reflect the vlewa and policiaa of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade namea or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for uee. CONTENTS Figures v Tables. ... ± x Foreword xvi Acknovledgaents xvii Abstract xix 1. Summary 1.1 Discussion of Findings , 1.2 Conclusions 2. Physical and Chemical Properties and Analysis 2.1 Summary 2.2 Physical Characteristics 2.3 Chemical Characteristics 8 2.3.1 Cadmium in Air 8 2.3.2 Cadmium in Water 10 2.3.3 Cadmium in Soils 2.3.4 Cadmium in Biological Systeas 2.4 Analysis for Cadaiua 2.4.1 Considerations in Analysis 2.4.2 Analytical Procedures 28 2.4.3 Coaparison of Analytical Methods 38 3. Biological Aspects in Microorganisms 50 3.

Growth and Metal Accumulation of Geyer and Mountain Willow Grown in Topsoil versus Amended Mine Tailings

“…Fimreite et al (2001) also found high concentrations of Cd in Eurasian beaver, but concluded that the levels were not detrimental because Zn tissue levels were also high. Zinc is known to ameliorate toxic effects of Cd (Hammons et al 1978). Since Zn concentrations were high in aboveground tissues of willows grown in tailings from our study site, any animals consuming the willows would be protected from Cd toxicity to some degree.…”

Contaminants and Sea Ducks in Alaska and the Circumpolar Region

“…Thus, it is important to recognize that cadmium was accumulated by HY surf scoters at a rate of about 1.4 pg/g per month on the wintering grounds. The maximum longevity for surf scoters is unknown, but for the similar-sized whitewinged scoter, it is 15 years 7 months (27), and cadmium is generally believed to accumulate throughout life (28). However, cadmium did not increase in the liver or kidney tissue of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) between 4 and 11 years of age (29 pg/g (31).…”

Cadmium Background Levels in Groundwater in an Area Dominated by Agriculture

“…Nitrate input due to agriculture in conjunction with a low nitrate reduction potential of glacial deposits (Cremer ) would lead to the dissolution of pyrite, a sulfide known to contain Cd (Abraitis et al ; Houben et al ) and thus provide a mechanism for the release of geogenic Cd to groundwater. Once in solution, the formation of complexes with inorganic and organic ligands would prevent adsorption by hydrous ferric oxides, keeping Cd in solution in the vadose zone (Hammons et al ; Carrillo‐Gonzalez et al ; Najafi and Jalali ).…”

“…Naturally, Cd occurs in concentrations of 0.1 to 1 mg/kg in soils of Europe and the United States (Smolders and Mertens ; Smith et al ; Taylor et al ). In general, Cd concentrations in sedimentary rocks (0.01 to 2.6 mg/kg) are higher than those in igneous rocks (0.07 to 0.25 mg/kg) and metamorphic rocks (0.11 to 1.0 mg/kg) (Hammons et al ; Page et al ; Mar and Okazaki ; Smolders and Mertens ). Cadmium contents in fertilizers result from the presence of Cd as a impurity in phosphate minerals and phosphoritic rocks.…”