Reviews of Music

Craniofacial Anomalies: From Development to Molecular Pathogenesis

“…In the palate it has been shown that programmed cell death (Apoptosis) (Fig. 2), epithelial to mesenchymal cell transdifferentiation and cell migration are all involved in break up of the epithelial seam [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Cell survival and conversely cell death in the epithelia are regulated by Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling.…”

“…The palatal shelves form from bilateral outgrowths of the maxillary processes which grow down between the developing tongue and the lower jaw. At E14 they elevate to a horizontal position above the tongue where they approximate and fuse [57]. The secondary palate fuses with the primary palate and thereby forms a barrier between the oral and nasal cavities which allows breathing and feeding to continue at the same time.…”

“…This is followed by removal of the two epithelial layers so that the mesenchyme can unite. MEE removal is accomplished by a combination of cell migration away from the fusion site, apoptosis, and transdifferentiation from epithelial into mesenchymal cells [11][12][13][14][15][16].…”