Reviewing the availability of copper and nickel for future generations. The balance between production growth, sustainability and recycling rates

Henckens, M.L.C.M.; Worrell, Ernst

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121460

Cited by 91 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This has been evidently observed in Australia (Mudd 2009(Mudd , 2010. Furthermore, this has been observed at the global-scale (Crowson 2011;Calvo et al 2016, Rötzer andSchmidt 2018), for Cu (Mudd and Weng 2012;Mudd et al 2013;Northey et al 2014;Koppelaar and Koppelaar 2016), Ni (Mudd and Jowitt 2014;Henkens and Worrell 2020), Pb-Zn (Mudd et al 2017), and Au (Mudd 2007;Wellmer and Scholz 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Future availability of mineral resources: ultimate reserves and total material requirement

Teseletso

Adachi

2021

Miner Econ

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Mineral resources are fundamental to drive the economic growth in a modern society. Although these resources have extensively been crossed referenced as "finite," their metal production has increased steadily over the decades. The concept of "peak oil" has been under extensive debate, whereas that of "peak minerals" of individual metals lacks in-depth studies. This study aimed to provide a brief account of the ultimate recoverable resources for copper (Cu), gold (Au), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). We utilized grade tonnage curves to illustrate future resource availability against a decline in the metal ore grade. Furthermore, an environmental indicator was calculated based on the total material requirement (TMR) to evaluate the present and future trends. Consequently, a visible decline in the metal grade for Cu, Ni, Au, Pb, and Zn was observed, whereas the future ore grade for Fe was projected to decline gradually. Furthermore, we estimated that as ultimate recoverable reserves peak approaches, metals will be recoverable at lower grades. The TMR increased for all metals, thus, indicating potential vulnerability to the environment. The findings indicate that awareness on the declining metal grades, environmental impacts of metals, and future mineral supplies will increase; however, other factors that govern the dynamics of recoverability and availability of these metals will offset the peak of these resources.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Future availability of mineral resources: ultimate reserves and total material requirement

Teseletso

Adachi

2021

Miner Econ

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“…Several promising options exist, but with large uncertainties regarding their technical realization (Blay et al, 2020; Borah et al, 2020; Larcher & Tarascon, 2015). Policy measures that foster recycling and/or production quota will support the development of such options (Henckens & Worrell, 2020).…”

Section: Climate Change Mitigation Actions That Risk Harming Biodiver...mentioning

confidence: 99%

How do we best synergize climate mitigation actions to co‐benefit biodiversity?

Smith

Arneth

Barnes

et al. 2022

Global Change Biology

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A multitude of actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems can have co‐benefits for both climate mitigation and biodiversity conservation. Reducing greenhouse emissions to limit warming to less than 1.5 or 2°C above preindustrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement, can yield strong co‐benefits for land, freshwater and marine biodiversity and reduce amplifying climate feedbacks from ecosystem changes. Not all climate mitigation strategies are equally effective at producing biodiversity co‐benefits, some in fact are counterproductive. Moreover, social implications are often overlooked within the climate‐biodiversity nexus. Protecting biodiverse and carbon‐rich natural environments, ecological restoration of potentially biodiverse and carbon‐rich habitats, the deliberate creation of novel habitats, taking into consideration a locally adapted and meaningful (i.e. full consequences considered) mix of these measures, can result in the most robust win‐win solutions. These can be further enhanced by avoidance of narrow goals, taking long‐term views and minimizing further losses of intact ecosystems. In this review paper, we first discuss various climate mitigation actions that evidence demonstrates can negatively impact biodiversity, resulting in unseen and unintended negative consequences. We then examine climate mitigation actions that co‐deliver biodiversity and societal benefits. We give examples of these win‐win solutions, categorized as ‘protect, restore, manage and create’, in different regions of the world that could be expanded, upscaled and used for further innovation.

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“…Being a mainstay of several economic sectors, primary Ni production has more than doubled from 1.14 Mt in 1999 to 2.70 Mt in 2019 [3,4]. Substitution of Ni in several production processes has been reported to be feasible, although large-scale substitution would either be more expensive or result in a loss of product quality [3,5]. Moreover, the economic geography of Ni mining and production has changed over time as it moved from Russia and Canada to New Caledonia, Australia, Brazil, and most recently to Indonesia and the Philippines [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective and enhanced nickel adsorption from sulfate- and calcium-rich solutions using chitosan

Nicomel

Otero-González

Folens

et al. 2021

Separation and Purification Technology

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Highlights• Chitosan effectively adsorbed Ni from a real Ni/Ca/SO4 2bearing leachate • Sulfate had a positive effect on Ni adsorption while Ca did not have any effect• Formation of NiSO4 0 species contributed to the enhanced Ni adsorption onto chitosan • Chitosan has a Ni qmax of 1.49 mmol/g even with 500 mM SO4 2and 10 mM Ca present • Chitosan was selective for Ni over Ca as validated in a column setup ABSTRACT Nickel (Ni) is an economically important metal characterized by its mechanical strength and anticorrosion properties. With the increasing industrial demand for Ni and the depleting accessible Ni primary ores, sustainable technologies are required for the recovery of this metal from alternative resources. In this study, adsorption using chitosan was investigated as a sustainable technique to recover Ni from sulfate (SO4 2-) and calcium (Ca) rich secondary resources. The effects of pH, contact time, and the presence of SO4 2and Ca on Ni adsorption were investigated in batch experiments. Chemical speciation modeling was performed to analyze how the predominant Ni species present under different conditions may affect the efficiency of the adsorption process. The comparison of chitosan's maximum Ni adsorption capacities in the absence (1.00 mmol/g) and presence (1.49 mmol/g) of 500 mM SO4 2and 10 mM Ca indicated the positive effect of these ions on Ni adsorption. The predominance of the neutrally charged NiSO4 0 species in Ni/SO4 2system has contributed to the enhanced Ni adsorption on chitosan as verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis.However, kinetic studies confirmed that the Ni adsorption rate decreased by 4.5 times when SO4 2was present. The subsequent continuous Ni adsorption from a real SO4 2--rich leachate in a column setup revealed that chitosan is selective for Ni over Ca and Cr with selectivity quotients of 9.6 (KNi/Ca) and 3.0 (KNi/Cr). Overall, this study indicated that Ni complexation with SO4 2enhances the Ni adsorption capacity of chitosan, but slows down the adsorption process.

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Reviewing the availability of copper and nickel for future generations. The balance between production growth, sustainability and recycling rates

Cited by 91 publications

References 36 publications

Future availability of mineral resources: ultimate reserves and total material requirement

Future availability of mineral resources: ultimate reserves and total material requirement

How do we best synergize climate mitigation actions to co‐benefit biodiversity?

Selective and enhanced nickel adsorption from sulfate- and calcium-rich solutions using chitosan

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