Review: The use of direct fed microbials to mitigate pathogens and enhance production in cattle

McAllister, Tim A.; Beauchemin, K. A.; Alazzeh, Awfa Y.; Baah, J.; Teather, R. M.; Stanford, Kim

doi:10.4141/cjas10047

Cited by 202 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…increased in both the lumen and mucosa with antibiotics and could represent a beneficial effect of ASP250. Members of this genus are known to produce bacteriocins (antimicrobial compounds) and butyrate, are associated with the colonic mucosa of mice (Nava et al, 2011), and have been considered as a potential direct-fed microbial (that is, probiotic) in livestock production (McAllister et al, 2011). In contrast, a collateral effect of ASP250 was on E. coli, populations of which are known to increase with ASP250 and certain other gut disturbances (Allen et al, 2011;Looft et al, 2012).…”

Section: Gut Microbes Subdivided By Location and Treatment T Looft Et Almentioning

confidence: 78%

Bacteria, phages and pigs: the effects of in-feed antibiotics on the microbiome at different gut locations

Looft

Allen

Cantarel³

et al. 2014

The ISME Journal

327

265

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Disturbance of the beneficial gut microbial community is a potential collateral effect of antibiotics, which have many uses in animal agriculture (disease treatment or prevention and feed efficiency improvement). Understanding antibiotic effects on bacterial communities at different intestinal locations is essential to realize the full benefits and consequences of in-feed antibiotics. In this study, we defined the lumenal and mucosal bacterial communities from the small intestine (ileum) and large intestine (cecum and colon) plus feces, and characterized the effects of in-feed antibiotics (chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine and penicillin (ASP250)) on these communities. 16S rRNA gene sequence and metagenomic analyses of bacterial membership and functions revealed dramatic differences between small and large intestinal locations, including enrichment of Firmicutes and phage-encoding genes in the ileum. The large intestinal microbiota encoded numerous genes to degrade plant cell wall components, and these genes were lacking in the ileum. The mucosaassociated ileal microbiota harbored greater bacterial diversity than the lumen but similar membership to the mucosa of the large intestine, suggesting that most gut microbes can associate with the mucosa and might serve as an inoculum for the lumen. The collateral effects on the microbiota of antibiotic-fed animals caused divergence from that of control animals, with notable changes being increases in Escherichia coli populations in the ileum, Lachnobacterium spp. in all gut locations, and resistance genes to antibiotics not administered. Characterizing the differential metabolic capacities and response to perturbation at distinct intestinal locations will inform strategies to improve gut health and food safety.

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Section: Gut Microbes Subdivided By Location and Treatment T Looft Et Almentioning

confidence: 78%

Bacteria, phages and pigs: the effects of in-feed antibiotics on the microbiome at different gut locations

Looft

Allen

Cantarel³

et al. 2014

The ISME Journal

327

265

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“…Although greater abundance of Propionibacterium P169 relative to total Propionibacteria was maintained until 9 h post-dosing, this difference may not have been large enough to elicit any effect on ruminal fermentation. A favorable environment is required for the establishment of ruminal microorganisms including substrate availability and optimal pH (McAllister et al, 2011). Average ruminal pH observed in the present study probably did not inhibit growth of Propionibacterium strains as most of the strains of dairy Propionibacteria are acid tolerant and have been shown to continue to be metabolically active at a pH < 5.5 (Piveteau, 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 77%

Effects of Propionibacterium strains on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and methane emissions in beef cattle fed a corn grain finishing diet

Vyas

McGeough

Mohammed

et al. 2014

Animal

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Twenty ruminally cannulated beef heifers were fed a high corn grain diet in a randomized block design to determine the effect of three direct fed microbial (DFM) strains of Propionibacterium on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and methane (CH 4 ) emissions. The heifers were blocked in five groups on the basis of BW and used in five 28-day periods. Dietary treatments included (1) Control and three strains of Propionibacterium (2) P169, (3) P5, and (4) P54. Strains were administered directly into the rumen at 5 × 10 9 CFU with 10 g of a maltodextrin carrier in a gel capsule; Control heifers received carrier only. All heifers were fed the basal diet (10 : 90 forage to concentrate, dry matter basis). Rumen contents were collected on days 15 and 18, ruminal pH was measured continuously between days 15 and 22, enteric CH 4 emissions were measured between days 19 and 22 and diet digestibility was measured from days 25 to 28. Mean ruminal pH was 5.91 and was not affected by treatments. Similarly, duration of time that pH < 5.8 and 5.6 was not affected by treatment. Likewise, total and major volatile fatty acid profiles were similar among all treatments. No effects were observed on dry matter intake and total tract digestibility of nutrients. Total enteric CH 4 production (g/day) was not affected by Propionibacterium strains and averaged 139 g/day. Similarly, mean CH 4 yield (g CH 4 /kg of dry matter intake) was similar for all the treatments. The relative abundance of total Propionibacteria in the rumen increased with administration of DFM and were greater 3 h post-dosing relative to Control, but returned to baseline levels before feeding. Populations of Propionibacterium P169 were higher at 3 and 9 h as compared with the levels at 0 h. In conclusion, moderate persistency of the inoculated strains within the ruminal microbiome and pre-existing high propionate production due to elevated levels of starch fermentation might have reduced the efficacy of Propionibacterium strains to increase molar proportion of propionate and subsequently reduce CH 4 emissions.

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“…Use of direct-fed microbials (DFM) for this manipulation is one possible option. Direct-fed microbials have been defined as a 'source of live, naturally occurring microorganisms' (Krehbiel et al, 2003) and, they have been successfully used in ruminant production to increase productivity, to prevent digestive disorders like acidosis and to decrease pathogenic load in young animals (Adams et al, 2008;McAllister et al, 2011;Lettat et al, 2012b). They are an accepted alternative to the use of antibiotics and chemical substances that may induce a risk of antibiotic resistance and residues in animal products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review

Jeyanathan

Martin

Morgavi

2014

Animal

123

115

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Concerns about the environmental effect and the economic burden of methane (CH 4 ) emissions from ruminants are driving the search for ways to mitigate rumen methanogenesis. The use of direct-fed microbials (DFM) is one possible option to decrease CH 4 emission from ruminants. Direct-fed microbials are already used in ruminants mainly to increase productivity and to improve health, and are readily accepted by producers and consumers alike. However, studies on the use of DFM as rumen CH 4 mitigants are scarce. A few studies using Saccharomyces cerevisiae have shown a CH 4 -decreasing effect but, to date, there has not been a systematic exploration of DFM as modulators of rumen methanogenesis. In this review, we explored biochemical pathways competing with methanogenesis that, potentially, could be modulated by the use of DFM. Pathways involving the redirection of H 2 away from methanogenesis and pathways producing less H 2 during feed fermentation are the preferred options. Propionate formation is an example of the latter option that in addition to decrease CH 4 formation increases the retention of energy from the diet. Homoacetogenesis is a pathway using H 2 to produce acetate, however up to now no acetogen has been shown to efficiently compete with methanogens in the rumen. Nitrate and sulphate reduction are pathways competing with methanogenesis, but the availability of these substances in the rumen is limited. Although there were studies using nitrate and sulphate as chemical additives, use of DFM for improving these processes and decrease the accumulation of toxic metabolites needs to be explored more. There are some other pathways such as methanotrophy and capnophily or modes of action such as inhibition of methanogens that theoretically could be provided by DFM and affect methanogenesis. We conclude that DFM is a promising alternative for rumen methane mitigation that should be further explored for their practical usage.

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Review: The use of direct fed microbials to mitigate pathogens and enhance production in cattle

Cited by 202 publications

References 168 publications

Bacteria, phages and pigs: the effects of in-feed antibiotics on the microbiome at different gut locations

Bacteria, phages and pigs: the effects of in-feed antibiotics on the microbiome at different gut locations

Effects of Propionibacterium strains on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and methane emissions in beef cattle fed a corn grain finishing diet

The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review

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