Review : Testing for Formaldehyde Emission from Wood-Based Products - A Review

Yu, Chuck Wah; Crump, Derrick

doi:10.1177/1420326x9900800502

Cited by 21 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…The developed methods take less than three days, in comparison to the reference methods, which require 7 to 28 days (Salem et al 2012a;Yu and Crump 1999). The new method was validated using the characteristic PEER-REVIEWED REVIEW ARTICLE bioresources.com Salem and Böhm (2013).…”

Section: Test Methods For Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Test Methods For Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The developed methods take less than three days, in comparison to the reference methods, which require 7 to 28 days (Salem et al 2012a;Yu and Crump 1999). The new method was validated using the characteristic parameters determined in a closed chamber experiment to predict the observed emissions in a ventilated, full-scale chamber experiment .…”

Section: Test Methods For Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wiglusz et al (2002) reported that at 23 and 29 °C, the measurements did not show any emission of formaldehyde; at a temperature of 50 °C, a high initial concentration of FE was found and it decreased with time. The referenced chambers (EN 717-1 and ASTM D 6007-02) use conditions common to an indoor environment (Salem et al 2012b;Salem 2011b;Yu and Crump 1999).The C-history method for a closed chamber Yao et al 2011), multi-emission/flush regression (Xiong et al 2009), and room temperature sorption/ emission (Wang and Zhang 2009) methods were developed to rapidly measure the initial emittable formaldehyde concentration and to overcome the overestimation of formaldehyde content (FC) with the perforator method. The developed methods take less than three days, in comparison to the reference methods, which require 7 to 28 days (Salem et al 2012a;Yu and Crump 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The referenced chambers (EN 717-1 and ASTM D 6007-02) use conditions common to an indoor environment (Salem et al 2012b;Salem 2011b;Yu and Crump 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding of Formaldehyde Emissions from Solid Wood: An Overview

Salem¹,

Böhm²

2013

BioResources

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Wood is known to contain and emit volatile organic compounds including formaldehyde. The emission of formaldehyde from wood increases during its processing to lumber and wood-based panels (i.e., particleboard and fiberboard). This increased emission can be attributed to the processing procedure of wood, which includes drying, pressing, and thermo-hydrolysis. Formaldehyde is emitted from wood under very high heat and is not expected to be a significant source of the emissions from composite wood products during normal service. Formaldehyde is also detectable even if wood has never been heated as well as under more or less ambient conditions. The presence of formaldehyde in the emissions from wood that does not contain adhesive resin has been explained by thermal degradation of polysaccharides in the wood. The emission levels of formaldehyde depend on factors such as wood species, moisture content, outside temperature, and time of storage. Additionally, the pyrolysis of milled wood lignin at 450 °C yields benzaldehyde, and the pyrolysis of spruce and pinewood at 450 °C generate formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 2-propenal, butanal, and butanone, which can be attributed to the breakdown of the polysaccharide fraction of the wood. Keywords INTRODUCTIONThe European Union, the USA, China, and Japan now have legislation regulating the allowed levels of formaldehyde emission (FE) from wood and wood-based products, and without doubt there will be increased focus and controls placed on products that are known to release formaldehyde (Salthammer et al. 2010). The main sources of FE from wood-based products such as medium density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard (PB), and plywood are the resins used, such as urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine-modified urea formaldehyde (MUF), and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) (Salem et al. 2011a). Solid wood grown in normal forest conditions releases low levels of formaldehyde, particularly during the manufacturing process (Salem et al. 2012a). Furthermore, PF resins are frequently used in the manufacture of cork products. For this reason, formaldehyde and phenol are often measured together (Horn et al. 1998 Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring chemical in wood, as wood contains a diminutive, but still detectable amount of free formaldehyde. Formaldehyde can be formed from the main components of wood (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) as well as from its extractives (Schäfer and Roffael 2000) to different extents depending on the boundary conditions (pH value, temperature). On the other hand, the inorganic substances in wood do not directly contribute to formaldehyde release.The FE from solid wood increases at elevated temperatures and prolonged heating times (Schäfer and Roffael 2000), even in the absence of wood resin (Jiang et al. 2002). On the other hand, the degree of polymerization of cellulose seems to have no significant influence on the emission of formaldehyde; also, raising the temperature to 100 and 150 °C, the formaldehyde liberation from starch is also very low even at high reaction ...

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Section: Test Methods For Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Test Methods For Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The developed methods take less than three days, in comparison to the reference methods, which require 7 to 28 days (Salem et al 2012a;Yu and Crump 1999). The new method was validated using the characteristic parameters determined in a closed chamber experiment to predict the observed emissions in a ventilated, full-scale chamber experiment .…”

Section: Test Methods For Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The referenced chambers (EN 717-1 and ASTM D 6007-02) use conditions common to an indoor environment (Salem et al 2012b;Salem 2011b;Yu and Crump 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding of Formaldehyde Emissions from Solid Wood: An Overview

Salem¹,

Böhm²

2013

BioResources

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Urea-formaldehyde microspheres as a potential additive to wood adhesive

et al. 2018

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Urea formaldehyde (UF) resins are important for wood industry due to their attractive properties at reasonable price. Particulate fillers added to UF are of interest with regard to improving the functionality of UF and also in terms of reduced UF consumption. To study their potential as filler, solid UF microspheres were synthesized and characterised respecting its morphology, chemical curing and thermal stability. Marigold flower structured spheres with diameters between 5 and 20 µm are presented and application trials demonstrated that high amounts of UF may be replaced by solid microspheres without impairing adhesive bond strength of solid wood bond lines. Fluorescence microscopy showed that microspheres greatly reduce adhesive penetration into the wood substrate, retaining the modified adhesive in the bondline. UF microspheres may thus be considered as viable filler for UF adhesives, particularly with regard to the possibility of endowing them with added functionality like self-healing properties.

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