Review: Synthetic Polymer Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications

Gibas, Iwona; Janik, Helena

doi:10.23939/chcht04.04.297

Cited by 190 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The classification of hydrogels as physical or chemical is based on the mechanism of crosslinking, where the process can occur in two scenarios: in vitro during the preparation of the hydrogel, or in vivo (in situ) after application to the target site of interest. The latter has utility in biomedical fields, such as dentistry, orthopedics, and transdermal drug delivery [5,23].…”

Section: Multi-component Composite Hydrogelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…90% of water. Hydrogels can swell in water or saline up to 1000-fold their dry weight [6], where the amount of sorbed water is usually expressed in terms of equilibrium water content (EWC), as described by Gibas and Janik [23].…”

Section: Hydration Phenomena Of Biopolymer Gelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the function EWC in Equation ( 1) provides an important characterization of the hydration of hydrogels. Hydration and subsequent swelling of such swellable polymer systems is a multi-step process [23,109], as described here with reference to Figure 12. In the initial step, water molecules hydrate the most polar, hydrophilic active sites of the hydrogel matrix to form the primary bound water (cf.…”

Section: Hydration Phenomena Of Biopolymer Gelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, these materials can serve as model systems to study the kinetics of water sorption and solute (biopolymer)-solvent (water) hydration phenomena. According to a report by Gibas and Janik [23], the swelling of a hydrogel material is a complex phenomenon that involves various steps of water uptake processes without the dissolution of the polymer network. The hydrophilicity of the polymer network imparted by the presence of polar groups (e.g., -OH, -NH 2 , -COOH, and -SO 3 H) mediates the swelling of biomaterials in aqueous environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on the Design and Hydration Properties of Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels

2021

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Hydrogels are hydrophilic 3D networks that are able to ingest large amounts of water or biological fluids, and are potential candidates for biosensors, drug delivery vectors, energy harvester devices, and carriers or matrices for cells in tissue engineering. Natural polymers, e.g., cellulose, chitosan and starch, have excellent properties that afford fabrication of advanced hydrogel materials for biomedical applications: biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, hydrophilicity, thermal and chemical stability, and the high capacity for swelling induced by facile synthetic modification, among other physicochemical properties. Hydrogels require variable time to reach an equilibrium swelling due to the variable diffusion rates of water sorption, capillary action, and other modalities. In this study, the nature, transport kinetics, and the role of water in the formation and structural stability of various types of hydrogels comprised of natural polymers are reviewed. Since water is an integral part of hydrogels that constitute a substantive portion of its composition, there is a need to obtain an improved understanding of the role of hydration in the structure, degree of swelling and the mechanical stability of such biomaterial hydrogels. The capacity of the polymer chains to swell in an aqueous solvent can be expressed by the rubber elasticity theory and other thermodynamic contributions; whereas the rate of water diffusion can be driven either by concentration gradient or chemical potential. An overview of fabrication strategies for various types of hydrogels is presented as well as their responsiveness to external stimuli, along with their potential utility in diverse and novel applications. This review aims to shed light on the role of hydration to the structure and function of hydrogels. In turn, this review will further contribute to the development of advanced materials, such as “injectable hydrogels” and super-adsorbents for applications in the field of environmental science and biomedicine.

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Section: Multi-component Composite Hydrogelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hydration Phenomena Of Biopolymer Gelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hydration Phenomena Of Biopolymer Gelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on the Design and Hydration Properties of Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels

2021

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“…The crosslinker used to generate HA hydrogels was a derivate of the widely known poly (ethylene) glycol (PEG) polyester. Some of its properties are great biocompatibility and hydrophillicity making it the perfect polymer for TE purposes [166]. PEG can appear as a linear or branched structure and does not naturally contain cell-adhesion motifs, thus biofunctionalization when used isolated is needed for cellular applications [167].…”

Section: Chemically-modified Hamentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin tissue engineering

Stojic

López

Montero

et al. 2019

Biomaterials for Skin Repair and Regeneration

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Polymer Cross‐Linkling

Ray

2011

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Cross‐linking is a unique tool for polymer modification. Multidirectional chain extension of polymers resulting in the formation of network structure is defined as polymer cross‐linking. It hinders the free movement of polymer chains and restricts them from sliding past each other. Interconnection of the polymer chains generates elasticity in amorphous polymers and makes a polymer more resistant to heat, light, and other physical agencies. It enhances the dimensional stability, mechanical strength, and solvent resistance of a polymer. Cross‐linking may be accomplished either through polymerization of monomers with functionality greater than two (polycondensation) or by covalent bonding between preformed polymer molecules by irradiation, sulfur vulcanization, or miscellaneous chemical reactions. The degree of cross‐linking and regularity of the network are the two vital factors, which control the effects of cross‐linking on the properties of the polymers. Cross‐linking is carried out in elastomers, plastomers, and even on polymer blends to improve properties and to broaden the spectrum of applications. The present review describes different modes and kinetics of polymer cross‐linking as well as its effects on the properties of polymers.

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Review: Synthetic Polymer Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications

Cited by 190 publications

References 60 publications

A Review on the Design and Hydration Properties of Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels

A Review on the Design and Hydration Properties of Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels

Skin tissue engineering

Polymer Cross‐Linkling

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