REVIEW: Research Ethnobotany in Indonesia and the Future Perspectives

Abstract

Indonesia is not only rich in its biodiversity but it is also well known as a country with high diversity of ethnicities. Each ethnic group has extensive experienced in the utilization and conservation of biological and ecological diversity. This biocultural richness has provided ethnobotanical researchers with endless research opportunities. Ethnobotanical study has a long history in Indonesia and dates back to the early Dutch colonization period when Dutch explorers and naturalists recorded the uses of plants used by the natives for food, medicine, buildings materials, etc. Based on research on Java, Hasskarl (1845) recorded 900 species of plants used by Indonesian communities. Previously, Rumphius (1750) in his monumental book "Herbarium Amboinense", reported the uses of several hundreds plants from Ambon and its vicinity. Recently, Indonesian scientists from both government and non-government organizations have given more attention to the importance of ethnobotany as a means of elaborating traditional knowledge, especially for economically useful and scientifically undiscovered plants. The talk will focus on ethnobotanical research performed by LIPI scientists at the Research Center for Biology in Bogor and the Indonesia Botanic Gardens. During the last 20 years, since the Indonesia' Ethnobotanical Museum was established. Indonesian scientists have documented the importance of ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, ethnomycology, ethnoentomology, and ethnoecology for conservation of traditional knowledge in relation to the economic botany and to other applied sciences. The meaning and scope of ethnobotany and its status including the future prospects, its contribution to the exploitation and conservation will be discuses in this paper.© 2008 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, ethnomycology, ethnoecology, traditional knowledge, use of plants, Indonesia.

Probability of Symbiosis Establishment by Giant Clams with Fresh and CulturedSymbiodiniumIsolated from Various Host Animals

“…The giant clam juveniles that have established a symbiotic relationship with some of the heterologous Symbiodinium in our experiments would be especially likely to reestablish a symbiotic relationship with different Symbiodinium, if the juveniles survive to become adults. This is because some of the heterologous Symbiodinium belong to clades B, E, and F (Table 2), which are different from any clades found hitherto in adult giant clams (clades A, C, and D (Carlos et al 1999, Ishikura et al 2004, Hernawan 2008). The juveniles harboring the Symbiodinium of the former clades possibly reestablish a symbiotic relationship with the Symbiodinium of the latter clades.…”

Polymorphic adaptations in metazoans to establish and maintain photosymbioses

“…In Mollusca, photosymbiosis is taxonomically restricted to some bivalves and gastropods. Tropical marine bivalves from the family Cardiidae host the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium (Ohno, Katoh & Yamasu, ; Maruyama et al, ; Hernawan, ). This bivalve family encompasses large species that can reach up to 1 m in diameter, like Tridacna , and are occasionally referred to as giant clams (Vermeij, ).…”

“…In Mollusca, photosymbiosis is taxonomically restricted to some bivalves and gastropods. Tropical marine bivalves from the family Cardiidae host the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium (Ohno, Katoh & Yamasu, 1995;Maruyama et al, 1998;Hernawan, 2008). This bivalve family encompasses large Fig.…”

“…Their exceptionally large sizes are thought to result from the establishment of symbioses (Griffiths & Klumpp, 1996) often with several clades of Symbiodinium (Baillie, Belda-Baillie & Maruyama, 2000;DeBoer et al, 2012;Ikeda et al, 2017). The major characteristic of cardiids is an enlarged and colourful mantle, in which Symbiodinium is hosted in extracellular spaces (Hernawan, 2008). This is different from other photosymbiotic systems, in which the symbiont resides intracellularly (Wakefield & Kempf, 2001).…”

“…The host shelters the symbiont or the kleptoplasts against predators and environmental fluctuations, and supplies sufficient inorganic compounds, such as CO 2 , for photosynthesis (Pearse & Muscatine, ; Stat, Carter & Hoegh‐Guldberg, ; Yellowlees, Rees & Leggat, ), although CO 2 limitation in the host can occur (Rädecker et al, ). In turn, the host receives photosynthates, mainly in the form of fixed carbon, which can meet at least 50% of their overall nutritional requirements (Fitt, Fisher & Trench, ; Klumpp & Griffiths, ; Stat et al, ; Hernawan, ; Stanley & Lipps, ). In comparison, kleptoplasts are probably only able to supply their host slugs with between 1% (Rauch et al, ) and 60% (Raven et al, ) of their nutritional requirements.…”