Review—Recent Advances in Sensor Arrays for the Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Multiple Analytes

Abstract

In this review, electrochemical sensor arrays were investigated for various chemical/biological sensing applications including proteins, whole cell pathogens, and small molecules. Utilization of multi-electrode arrays is important for monitoring cancer and other diseases by allowing for detection of multiple proteins in a single assay. Various voltammetric, amperometric, and potentiometric techniques have been used for investigating the electrochemical properties of the electrode surfaces. Electrodes modified with different nanomaterials, antibodies, enzymes, aptamers, etc. have been used to improve performance. This review focuses on recent publications that provide insight into the development of sensor arrays based on microfluidic and paper-based devices. We also discuss incorporation of these devices with portable potentiostats and wireless data acquisition technology for simultaneous analysis of multiple targets.

Advanced Functional Membranes for Sensor Technologies

“…Furthermore, these membranes must be non-toxic and biocompatible to minimize the risk of epithelialization or allergic reactions. In this context, the use of enzymes [54][55][56][57], hydrogels [6,41,[58][59][60], and conductive polymers such as polyaniline (PANI) [61][62][63][64], polypyrrole (PPy) [65][66][67], polythiophene (PT) [68][69][70], or polyethylene dioxide thiophene (PEDOT) [43,[71][72][73][74] has been reported for the development of bioelectrodes due to their biocompatibility, conductivity, and the presence of tunable functionalities. However, its application in the development of biosensors is limited by different reasons and challenges to overcome, such as its relative fragility; its decrease in properties against variations in the pH of the medium, possible degradation in toxic or reactive compounds; and in some cases the use of synthesis processes and complex manufacturing procedures that are difficult to implement outside the laboratory scale [70][71][72][73][74][75][76].…”

Emerging Bioanalytical Devices and Platforms for Rapid Detection of Pathogens in Environmental Samples

“…Most of the MADs currently available have huge setups with high costs. Some commonly used MADs are mass-spectrometer, multiplex PCR, next generation sequencing technologies [ 209 ]. Scaling down the size of the MAD systems is one of the research focuses of current analytical sciences.…”

Portable and Label-Free Sensor Array for Discriminating Multiple Analytes via a Handheld Gas Pressure Meter

“…Compared with detection of a single target, the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes can shorten the analysis time, reduce the cost, and decrease false positives. 1,2 In the past few years, a series of strategies have been developed for simultaneous detection of multiple targets, including microbead-based assays, 3 mass spectrometry, 4 and multichannel paper-based and electrochemical chip-based assays. 5,6 Although these methods provide high accuracy and sensitivity, it is only applicable to biosensors with specific interactions.…”

“…Simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in a complex sample has received extensive consideration because of the increasing need for complex sample analysis. Compared with detection of a single target, the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes can shorten the analysis time, reduce the cost, and decrease false positives. , In the past few years, a series of strategies have been developed for simultaneous detection of multiple targets, including microbead-based assays, mass spectrometry, and multichannel paper-based and electrochemical chip-based assays. , Although these methods provide high accuracy and sensitivity, it is only applicable to biosensors with specific interactions. After all, not all analytes have “lock-and-key”-specific recognition, especially the complex analytes.…”