Review—Perovskite/Spinel Based Graphene Derivatives Electrochemical and Biosensors

Abstract

The development of sensors for the detection of different substances is a worldwide demand. Nanotechnology has allowed great advances in this area in an attempt to bring new possibilities. Sensors with perovskite and spinel structures have been widely investigated and demonstrated interesting performances, due to their fascinating optical, magnetic, and electrical properties. Despite this advancement, some limitations and drawbacks have to be resolved. Moreover, the combination of such structures with graphene derivatives has attracted particular attention in recent years; so far the obtained results manifest improved sensors’ performance, thanks to the effective combination of their individual properties. This comprehensive review aims to highlight the recent advances in Electrochemical and Biological nanosensors based on spinel and perovskite structures without and with graphene derivatives, by presenting sensing applications of diverse substances alongside advantages and futures challenges.

ZnO/ZnFe2O4 nanocomposite-based electrochemical nanosensors for the detection of furazolidone in pork and shrimp samples: exploring the role of crystallinity, phase ratio, and heterojunction formation

“…1,2 Among nanomaterials, spinel oxide nanostructures are favorite candidates for the design of electrochemical sensors due to their advantages such as chemical stability, easy fabrication, controllable size, excellent catalytic properties, and facilitated electron transfer kinetics. 12–14 More particularly, the significant advances in the design of functional spinel nanostructures have opened new possibilities for the development of electrochemical sensors. 13,14 Spinel zinc ferrite ZnFe 2 O 4 (ZFO), one of the iron-based cubic spinel structures with Zn ions in the tetrahedral or A sites and Fe ions in the octahedral or B sites, have been widely investigated in this point of view.…”

“…12–14 More particularly, the significant advances in the design of functional spinel nanostructures have opened new possibilities for the development of electrochemical sensors. 13,14 Spinel zinc ferrite ZnFe 2 O 4 (ZFO), one of the iron-based cubic spinel structures with Zn ions in the tetrahedral or A sites and Fe ions in the octahedral or B sites, have been widely investigated in this point of view. 15,16 ZnFe 2 O 4 nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors have been developed for detecting various target molecules such as sertraline, 17 dopamine, 18 5-fluorouracil, 19 and chloramphenicol.…”

Environmental Implications Associated with the Development of Nanotechnology: From Synthesis to Disposal

“…Finally, nanotechnology has allowed for the development of nanosensors capable of detecting a variety of target analytes, which can be molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, and even cells such as bacteria [ 60 , 112 ]. Nanosensors can be divided into optical, electrochemical, and magnetic, and applied in various processes such as in the diagnosis of diseases either in vivo or in vitro in the detection of pollutants in environmental samples, monitoring the concentration of molecules of interest in real-time, monitoring environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature, or in any process that needs to detect or monitor the presence of a target analyte [ 112 ].…”

“…Nanosensors can be divided into optical, electrochemical, and magnetic, and applied in various processes such as in the diagnosis of diseases either in vivo or in vitro in the detection of pollutants in environmental samples, monitoring the concentration of molecules of interest in real-time, monitoring environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature, or in any process that needs to detect or monitor the presence of a target analyte [ 112 ]. The development of nanosensors for glucose, H 2 O 2 , uric acid, urea, neurotransmitters, hormones, drugs, metals, pesticides, viruses, bacteria, and even tumors has already been widely reported in the literature [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ].…”

Bionanotechnology in Agriculture: A One Health Approach

“…It can be an efficient and eco-friendly alternative to agrochemicals that promote regenerative agriculture, integrated with the approach associated with One Health. Bionanotechnology could be applied in agriculture, remediation, water treatment, pest detection, and control, for example, developing porous nano zeolites capable of absorbing water or soil chemical contaminants [ 11 ]; nanocapsules capable of releasing the necessary pesticide concentration on demand [ 12 ] nanomembranes that control the release of water, fertilizers, and herbicides and serve as water purifiers [ 13 , 14 ]; nanosensors capable of monitoring soil and plants and detecting contaminants and pests [ 15 , 16 ]; magnetic nanoparticles as an agent to combat soil contaminants [ 17 ]; among other applications.…”