Review: Pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis

Hoffman, Olaf; Weber, R Joerg

doi:10.1177/1756285609337975

Cited by 157 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 105 publications

(121 reference statements)

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“…Risk factors for meningitis include: skipping vaccinations, age (most cases of viral meningitis occur in children younger than five years old and bacterial meningitis commonly affects people under 20), living in a community setting (college students living in dormitories, personnel on military bas-es, and children in boarding schools and child care facilities are at increased risk of meningococcal meningitis), and factors that may compromise patients' immune system including; AIDS, use of immunosuppressant drugs, and removal of the spleen (3-6). There are many reports about the epidemiology of meningitis and according to the community under study, age of cases and other risk factors, agents and clinical outcome are different (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Meningitis Studied at a University Hospital in Zahedan, South-Eastern Iran

et al. 2015

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Background:Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes, which surround the brain and spinal cord. Early treatment of bacterial meningitis can prevent serious complications. In the last two decades, three vaccines have been developed against the three main bacterial species implicated in meningitis of children in western countries and vaccine-preventable invasive bacterial meningitis has decreased substantially in the past few years. However, none of the developed vaccines are part of our childhood immunization schedule. Objectives: This study aimed to search the epidemiology of meningitis in Zahedan. Patients and Methods:In this cross-sectional survey, we studied all patients with meningitis for ten years, from May 2004 to May 2014, who had been referred to our hospital. The patients were evaluated according to their sex, age, clinical features, risk factors, pathogenic microorganisms, form of infection (acute or chronic) and clinical outcome. Results: Among the 53 patients with meningitis (47% females; 53% males with mean age 36 years) 47 cases (83%) had acute meningitis and six cases (17%) had chronic meningitis (four cases of tuberculosis and two cases of brucellosis). From the 47 cases with acute meningitis, only one case had a positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture for meningococci and 46 patients had negative CSF culture. The most common clinical symptoms was fever and headache (90%) and the least was seizure (9%). Mortality rate was 7.5% (4 cases). There were no significant risk factors except for two patients with acute meningitis and two cases with chronic meningitis. Conclusions: According to negative CSF cultures in acute meningitis, CSF culture using the BACTEC automated system and specific viral tests is recommended for detection of the etiological agents of viral and bacterial meningitis, particularly in the Iranian population where patients use antibiotics without prescription.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Meningitis Studied at a University Hospital in Zahedan, South-Eastern Iran

et al. 2015

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“…As the siliconized linezolid analogues displayed impressive B/P ratio, we became interested in testing these compounds against selected bacterial strains (S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis) that cause brain infections. 2 The MIC values generated using various strains suggest that all three compounds possess comparable activity with respect to S. pneumoniae (Table 3). 32 However, in the case of N. meningitidis strains, only compound 9a showed significant activity and other two compounds 7a and 7c did not show the activity up to 32 μg/mL.…”

Section: Acs Medicinal Chemistry Lettersmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Cephalosporin, ampicillin, vancomycin, and rifampin are some of the commonly used antibiotics for treating bacterial meningitis. 2 The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by the highly selective blood−brain barrier (BBB) that controls the entry of compounds into the brain. In a normal individual, the BBB efficiently protects the brain from pathogens that can easily cause infections in other parts of the body.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, Synthesis, and Identification of Silicon Incorporated Oxazolidinone Antibiotics with Improved Brain Exposure

Seetharamsingh

Ramesh

Dange

et al. 2015

ACS Med. Chem. Lett.

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Therapeutic options for brain infections caused by pathogens with a reduced sensitivity to drugs are limited. Recent reports on the potential use of linezolid in treating brain infections prompted us to design novel compounds around this scaffold. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of various oxazolidinone antibiotics with the incorporation of silicon. Our findings in preclinical species suggest that silicon incorporation is highly useful in improving brain exposures. Interestingly, three compounds from this series demonstrated up to a 30-fold higher brain/plasma ratio when compared to linezolid thereby indicating their therapeutic potential in brain associated disorders.

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“…The epidemiology of bacterial meningitis varies substantially by capsular group. Group A meningococcal capsule causes large epidemics which represent the most serious public health issue caused by N. meningitidis [5,[9][10][11]. The percentage of group C isolates responsible for endemic meningococcal disease varies by country.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…meningitidis have been divided into 13 serogroups A, B, C, D, 29E, H, I, K, L, W135, X, Y and Z. Serogroups A, B, C, W135 and Y cause more than 90 % of the invasive disease worldwide [5,7]. It is frequently associated with severe neurological sequelae even with use of antibiotics [8][9][10]. The epidemiology of bacterial meningitis varies substantially by capsular group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effect of Coadministration of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> and <em>Neisseria meningitidis</em> Vaccines on Immune Responses to Meningitis in Mouse Model

Abdeltawab

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Meningitis is a severe disease associated with death in children under five with highest rates of infections under age of one. Vaccines for Neisseria meningitides and Haemophilus influenza are used to prevent the main causative agents of meningitis. Administration of H. influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine is recommended at 2, 4 and 6 months with a booster dose at 18 months. N. meningitidis has two commercially available vaccines, the pure polysaccharide is recommended at 24 months meanwhile the protein-conjugated vaccines at 12 months. We sought in this study to examine if coadministering the vaccines for the two main meningitis causing bacteria might be synergistic as a preliminary step towards the possibility of shuffling immunization schedule. So, we coadministered Hib vaccine with commercially available vaccines either quadrate (ACWY) polysaccharide meningococcal (Men) or conjugated meningococcal (Nim) vaccines in Balb/C mice (n = 6/group) and compared to each vaccine administered separately and controls. Thirty-five days post immunization, we measured specific antibodies titers. Hib vaccine increased Men antibody titers significantly for serotypes Y and W. When Hib vaccine was coadministrated with Nim, antibody titer for Y, W and A significantly increased. For serotype C, there was no significant difference in antibody titers among immunized groups. As for effect of meningococcal vaccines on Hib, Men significantly increased Hib antibody titers while Nim had no effect. Collectively, our data suggested that coadministration of Hib and Men or Nim vaccines was safe and had synergistic effect on immune responses elicited to both vaccines. Further studies are needed before immunization schedule modifications. Such immunization schedule recommendation should provide better protection against this life-threatening disease in young children.

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Review: Pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis

Cited by 157 publications

References 105 publications

Epidemiology of Meningitis Studied at a University Hospital in Zahedan, South-Eastern Iran

Epidemiology of Meningitis Studied at a University Hospital in Zahedan, South-Eastern Iran

Design, Synthesis, and Identification of Silicon Incorporated Oxazolidinone Antibiotics with Improved Brain Exposure

Synergistic Effect of Coadministration of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> and <em>Neisseria meningitidis</em> Vaccines on Immune Responses to Meningitis in Mouse Model

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