Review paper: Recent advances in thermometry below 300 mK

Abstract

The subject of temperature measurement below 0.3 K is reviewed, with particular attention paid to developments reported in the period [1970][1971][1972][1973][1974]. Sensors, measurement techniques, primary and secondary thermometers, and fixed points are discussed and attempts are made to assess the accuracy and relative merits of the various devices and methods.

SQUIDs for Standards and Metrology

“…This behavior has been accurately verified and compared with other primary thermometers at NIST and forms the basis of one of two primary thermometers available for use below 1 K [98]. A second type of noise thermometer based on flux quantization and superconductivity has also been demonstrated by Lee et al [99].…”

Thermal Therapy, Part IV: Electromagnetic and Thermal Dosimetry

“…If before the exposure a steady-state condition exists such as P m = P c + P b , then during the initial period of exposure we have: (15) Accordingly, SAR can be determined from measurements of an increase in the tissue temperature over a short period of time following the exposure. For tissue phantoms and tissues in vitro, several methods of SAR determination are based on thermal measurements and utilization of equations (14) and (15). More generally, from a macroscopic point of view, thermal effects resulting from the absorption of EM waves inside biological materials are described in terms of the bioheat equation.…”

“…The failure to detect these small focal areas of residual and/or recurrent tumor at an early stage may result in peripheral regrowth, often with unfavorable geometry for successful treatment. 14 In the literature, important techniques and areas of research in EM dosimetry, [15][16][17][18] thermal dosimetry, [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] treatment planning, 27 and imaging techniques [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] have been reviewed. Books discussing thermometry and imaging techniques are also available.…”

Nuclear Orientation and Its Application in Solid State Physics

“…In particular the reader is referred to the excellent review article by Hudson et al (1975) which discusses thermometry below O· 3 K and compares all thermometers used in this regime. Hudson et al conclude that the y-ray anisotropy thermometer will be useful for comparison measurements with other primary thermometers and for calibrating both fixed points and secondary thermometers.…”