Review Paper on Road Vehicle Vibration Simulation for Packaging Testing Purposes

Abstract

Inefficient packaging constitutes a global problem that costs hundreds of billions of dollars, not to mention the additional environmental impacts. An insufficient level of packaging increases the occurrence of product damage, while an excessive level increases the packages' weight and volume, thereby increasing distribution cost. This problem is well known, and for many years, engineers have tried to optimize packaging to protect products from transport hazards for minimum cost. Road vehicle shocks and vibrations, which is one of the primary causes of damage, need to be accurately simulated to achieve optimized product protection.Over the past 50 years, road vehicle vibration physical simulation has progressed significantly from simple mechanical machines to sophisticated computer-driven shaking tables. There now exists a broad variety of different methods used for transport simulation. Each of them addresses different particularities of the road vehicle vibration. Because of the nature of the road and vehicles, different sources and processes are present in the vibration affecting freight. Those processes can be simplified as the vibration generated by the general road surface unevenness, road surface aberrations (cracks, bumps, potholes, etc.) and the vehicle drivetrain system (wheels, drivetrain, engine, etc.).A review of the transport vibration simulation methods is required to identify and critically evaluate the recent developments. This review begins with an overview of the standardized methods followed by the more advanced developments that focus on the different random processes of vehicle vibration by simulating non-Gaussian, non-stationary, transient and harmonic signals. As no ideal method exists yet, the review presented in this paper is a guide for further research and development on the topic.

Some characteristics of the heave, pitch and roll vibrations within urban delivery routes

“…Until a reliable means by which shocks can be identified and extracted from the underlying random vibrations is available, it will be assumed that shocks are rare and do not significantly affect the statistical signature of the vibrations namely the average PDS, the Probability Distribution and the rms distribution. The crest‐factor distribution can be used to give an indication of the presence of shocks in the data . The nonstationary character of the vibrations was evaluated using the (moving) rms distributions and correlating variations in rms of each of the three variables viz.…”

Consideration on road transport vibration simulation techniques for packaging testing purposes

“…Many testing laboratories realized this and the development of this method is in research focus for the time being. For the required test duration Basquin is suggesting the following model [6]:…”

“…With the use of the superposition principle, the real motion cannot be represented together with its longitudinal, vertical and lateral components [5]. The problem to be solved is what to choose as a relevant stress to be used for the protecting function design of the cargo [6].…”

Influence of jumping phenomenon on response of package under random vibration

“… Simulation of road vibrationThe excitation from vibrator is Gaussian stationary, which is different from the road vibrations. To accurately achieve optimized packaging, it is very necessary to improve accuracy of the simulation Accelerated random vibration testTo evaluate the fatigue damage, the tests using the PSD from standards or road vibration data are carried out, which usually costs a long time.…”

“…The excitation from vibrator is Gaussian stationary, which is different from the road vibrations. To accurately achieve optimized packaging, it is very necessary to improve accuracy of the simulation …”