Review on use of macro algae (seaweed) in fish nutrition

Abstract

Currently, the search is on for alternative sources of feed ingredients, the main reasons being escalated cost and uncertainty of constant supply of common feed ingredients. The importance of algae as a potential substitute protein source for cultured fish feeding has been documented in recent years. Seaweeds are receiving consideration for their high protein value, essential amino acid content, vitamins and trace metals in fish feeding. As well as marine macro algae could be a potential low-cost source of protein for fish. Moreover, the economic comparison of feed cost indicated that increasing level of fresh and dried gut weed in alternative feeding treatments, commercial feed used for fish growth was reduced leading to significantly reduction of feed cost. Use macro algae (seaweed) in fish diets may improves growth parameters, feed efficiency, physiological activity, carcass quality, disease resistance and reduced stress response. This review describes effects of use macro algae (seaweed) in diets on growth performance of fish.

Effects of Dietary Caulerpa lentillifera Supplementation On Growth Performance and Survival Rate of Milk Fish, Chanos chanos (Forsskål, 1775)

“…6-19.4%, ash 22.2-48.9%, lipid 0.8-7.2%, carbohydrates 11.8-64.0% and moisture 74.7-94.3% (de Gaillande et al, 2017). In addition, macroalgae also have other important nutrients such as amino acids, fatty acids, beneficial polysaccharides, antioxidants, vitamins and minerals (Ismail et al, 2017;Saleh, 2020).…”

“…There are many studies on macroalgae as an alternative source of protein. In the world's marine waters, more than 400 macroalgae have been found that contain abundant protein, amino acids and minerals (Saleh, 2020), so they have the potential to be used to increase fish growth. The use of the macroalga Ulva lactuca as a feed additive for growth has been given to African catfish, Clarias gariepinus and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. (Abdel-Warith et al, 2016;Natify et al, 2015), Ulva fasciata and Enteromorpha flaxusa applications on the growth of rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus fry (Abdel Aziz & Ragab, 2017).…”

“…The use of the macroalga Ulva lactuca as a feed additive for growth has been given to African catfish, Clarias gariepinus and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. (Abdel-Warith et al, 2016;Natify et al, 2015), Ulva fasciata and Enteromorpha flaxusa applications on the growth of rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus fry (Abdel Aziz & Ragab, 2017). The use of Enteromorpha flaxusa for the growth of hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus) juvenile nutrition (Saleh, 2020) and screening of several macroalgae Ulva rigida, Gracilaria sp. ; Fucus vesiculosus and Saccharina latissima as functional raw material compositions (Neto et al, 2018).…”

The carrying capacity of the seas and oceans for future sustainable food production: Current scientific knowledge gaps

“…Comparing these figures with, for example, the production of terrestrial cereals, which is about 3 billion tonnes (https://www.fao.org/faost at/ en/#data/QCL; https://ourwo rldin data.org/agric ultur alprodu ction), shows that presently seaweeds produce only a minor fraction of the global supply of biomass used by humans (Buschmann et al, 2017). Although off-shore cultivated seaweeds could potentially provide a sustainable alternative source of biomass for food and feed, that can release the pressure on arable land and fresh water resources, several basic questions have to answered (Buschmann et al, 2017); first of all, the question on the nutritional value, digestibility, and bio-availability of seaweed compounds for humans, livestock, poultry, and fish (Buschmann et al, 2017;Saleh, 2020;Wells et al, 2017). Wells et al (2017) emphasized that collaborative approaches between among others phycologists and nutritional and medical groups are required to study how algal nutritional and functional constituents interact in human metabolism.…”

Replacement of Fishmeal in the Diet of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…In some cases, the growth, nutrient utilization, and other information such as enzyme activity and hematological parameters have been compared for fish (Huda et al, 2020;Kim et al, 2021;Lawal et al, 2017;Pongpet et al, 2016;Tippayadara et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2018;Zheng et al, 2012) and shellfish (Moniruzzaman et al, 2020). Aside from fishmeal, several alternative feed ingredients, such as those of animal protein origin, insects, land animal byproducts, fisheries by-products, worms, and plant-based protein sources, including algae such as Chlorella and spirulina, have been evaluated as feed ingredients in both fresh and marine water fish production (Ansari et al, 2021;Raji et al, 2018Raji et al, , 2019Saleh, 2020).…”