2002
DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00920-6
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Review on the systemic delivery of insulin via the ocular route

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Cited by 35 publications
(14 citation statements)
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“…At present, the noninvasive methods for insulin mostly include transdermal [3], nasal [4], pulmonary [5], buccal [6], ocular [7], and rectal [8] routes. However, the delivery of insulin is limited by its short half-life, low permeation rates, and digestion by various proteolytic enzymes [9].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…At present, the noninvasive methods for insulin mostly include transdermal [3], nasal [4], pulmonary [5], buccal [6], ocular [7], and rectal [8] routes. However, the delivery of insulin is limited by its short half-life, low permeation rates, and digestion by various proteolytic enzymes [9].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Proper use of glucose sensors that will drive a mechanical system involves technical difficulties that need to be overcome. Certainly, there is adequate incentive to continue broad-based efforts into novel approaches to insulin delivery so that the quality of life of diabetic patients can be improved [Lee et al, 2002;Cefalu et al, 2002;Heinemann et al, 2001]. The researched insulin delivery systems reported here are recently discovered, and they are thought to offer a potential to improve compliance and therefore help reduce the number of complications arising from diabetes.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…In general, the main routes of drug penetration in the intestinal membrane are defined as the transcellular and paracellular routes (Tanaka et al, 1995). Insulin is known to pass through cells by paracellular and transcellular transport (Lee et al, 2002), and NaTC was shown to increase paracellular absorption by opening tight junctions between epithelial cells (Johansson et al, 2002). Therefore, it was thought that the use NaTC in liposomes might increase the penetration of insulin.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%