Review on the Stability of the Peregrine and Related Breathers

Abstract

In this note, we review stability properties in energy spaces of three important nonlinear Schrödinger breathers: Peregrine, Kuznetsov-Ma, and Akhmediev. More precisely, we show that these breathers are unstable according to a standard definition of stability. Suitable Lyapunov functionals are described, as well as their underlying spectral properties. As an immediate consequence of the first variation of these functionals, we also present the corresponding nonlinear ODEs fulfilled by these nonlinear Schrödinger breathers. The notion of global stability for each breather mentioned above is finally discussed. Some open questions are also briefly mentioned.

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“…Here, the nonlinear dynamics interfering in the modulation process may violate this demand. In fact, an absolute spatial MI regime causes the breather and rogue waves breeding thus, an irreversible instability [49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. In this connection, spatial amplitude profile is simulated in the proposed Mach-Zehnder modulator as shown in Fig.…”

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