Review on the simultaneous determination of total prostate‐specific antigen and free prostate‐specific antigen

Iersel, Martijn P. van; Witjes, W.P.J.; Thomas, C.M.G.; Segers, M.F.G.; Oosterhof, G.O.N.; Debruyne, F.M.J.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(1996)7+<48::aid-pros7>3.3.co;2-p

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…According to some studies, 12,13 the F/T ratio is under the influence of the tumor burden and is shown as a predictor for capsular penetration and harmless cancer. In contrast, there are many observations in which the pre‐operative F/T ratio could not predict whether cancer cells had spread beyond the prostate gland at time of prostatectomy 2,14–16 . As far as we know, reports concerning the F/T ratio in the advanced stage are limited, therefore the present study was aimed at this point and it was shown that the F/T ratio was not affected by tumor burden, indicating independence of the clinical stage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Recently, it was found that the ratio of free‐to‐total PSA (F/T ratio) in the early stage of prostate cancer is lower than that in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Thus this ratio has become a useful index with which the early stage of prostate cancer can be detected in older men 2 . Although negative opinions 3–5 have been voiced on differentiating benign prostatic diseases from prostate cancer among older men with slightly increased t‐PSA (Gray zone, normal upper limit 10 ng/mL) by employing this F/T ratio, there are many others who regard the F/T ratio as a useful marker 6–10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Change in the ratio of free‐to‐total prostate‐specific antigen during progression of advanced prostate cancer

et al. 2000

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Background: The ratio of free-to-total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is different in benign prostatic hyperplasia and in the early stage of prostate cancer. The present study was undertaken to examine the ratio of free-to-total PSA in the advanced stage of this cancer and its subsequent change during course of the disease. Methods: Free and total PSA were measured in sera collected from the following patients with benign and cancerous prostatic diseases: 47 cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy, nine in T1C with less than 10 ng/mL of total PSA, 11 in stage C, 16 in D2, 22 in remission under endocrine therapy, and 12 in relapse. In addition, PSA was measured sequentially in four other patients who were also in relapse. Results:The ratio of free-to-total PSA was similar in early and advanced stages of untreated prostate cancer and was lower than that in benign prostatic hyperplasia. The ratio increased to the level of benign prostatic hyperplasia during remission from stages C and D2 under endocrine therapy. There was no correlation with the intervals from the start of the therapy to examination. Following relapse, the ratio came down gradually to the level obtained in untreated prostate cancer. Conclusion:The ratio of free-to-total PSA was similar in all stages of untreated prostate cancer.Response and relapse to endocrine therapy were associated with increase and decrease in ratio, respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in the ratio of free‐to‐total prostate‐specific antigen during progression of advanced prostate cancer

et al. 2000

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“… 8 However, this scenario does not seem to be plausible because the amount of α‐1‐antichymotrypsin in the blood is 1000‐fold more than that of circulating PSA, thus PSA may be bound easily to α‐1‐antichymotrypsin in the blood irrespective of the presence or absence of malignant tissues. In this context, the F/T ratio is not correlated with stage of prostate cancer and is similar throughout all stages, 9 although the amount of PSA in the blood is greater in advanced stages than that in early stages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Immunohistochemical finding of α‐1‐antichymotrypsin in tissues of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer

Tanaka¹,

Suzuki

Takaoka

et al. 1999

Int J of Urology

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Background: Ratio of free to total (F/T) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is higher in the blood of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia than those with prostate cancer. To clarify the difference between ratios in these two, a-1-antichymotrypsin, the major component of the bound PSA in the blood, was immunohistochemically examined. Methods: Tissues were obtained surgically via a retropubic approach from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (nine cases) and prostate cancer (27 cases). These samples were processed in paraffin blocks, cut into 5 mm sections and stained with antibodies against a-1-antichymotrypsin and PSA. Results:The percentage of a-1-antichymotrypsin-stained cells in prostate cancer was higher than that in benign prostatic hyperplasia (P < 0.05). Almost all of glandular and cancer cells were stained with PSA antibody. The percentage of a-1-antichymotrypsin-stained cells in prostate cancer did not correlate to histologic grade, although a-1-antichymotrypsin-stained cells were more widely scattered in high grade tissues. No correlation was found between a-1-antichymotrypsinstained cells and ratio of F/T in the blood of cancer patients. In about 20% of cancer tissues, histiocytes with positive a-1-antichymotrypsin staining were found in stroma but not in that of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Conclusions: Prostate cancer tissues are shown to have a richer environment of a-1-antichymotrypsin than those of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Some cancer tissues contained a-1-antichymotrypsin-stained histiocytes. These local events may correlate to a high amount of the bound form among total PSA in the blood of prostate cancer patients.Key words a-1-antichymotrypsin, benign prostatic hyperplasia, free to total ratio of prostate-specific antigen, prostate cancer.

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“…Any damage to prostate, including hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma, cystoscopy, prostatitis, and senility, has been reported to increase the serum level of this antigen; however, this antigen is widely used to diagnose prostate cancer [567]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of sHLA-G levels in serum of patients with prostate cancer identify as a potential of tumor marker

et al. 2017

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Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in middleaged and elderly men after lung cancer with the prevalence of 25.3 per 10,000. The previous studies have shown that one man in six will suffer from this cancer during his lifetime. Genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors are known to be Abstract: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer type in men and is the second cause of death, due to cancer, in patients over 50, after lung cancer. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a widely used tumor marker for prostate cancer. Recently, PSA is discovered in non-prostatic cancer tissues in men and women raising doubts about its specificity for prostatic tissues. PSA exists in low serum level in healthy men and in higher levels in many prostate disorders, including prostatitis and prostate cancer. Thus, a supplementary tumor marker is needed to accurately diagnose the cancer and to observe the patient after treatment. Recently, soluble human leukocyte antigen-G (sHLA-G) has been introduced as a new tumor marker for different cancer types, including colorectal, breast, lung, and ovary. The present descriptive-experimental study was carried out including patients with malignant prostate tumor, patients with benign prostate tumor, and a group of health men as the control group, as judged by an oncologist as well as a pathologist. After sterile blood sampling, sHLA-G was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in each group. The data was then analyzed using one-way ANOVA. P≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The results showed that the mean of sHLA-G level was high in patients. Also, it was found that there was a significant difference in sHLA serum level between the three groups. The data revealed that sHLA-G can be a novel supplementary tumor marker in addition to PSA to diagnose prostate cancer.

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Review on the simultaneous determination of total prostate‐specific antigen and free prostate‐specific antigen

Cited by 3 publications

References 22 publications

Change in the ratio of free‐to‐total prostate‐specific antigen during progression of advanced prostate cancer

Change in the ratio of free‐to‐total prostate‐specific antigen during progression of advanced prostate cancer

Immunohistochemical finding of α‐1‐antichymotrypsin in tissues of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer

Evaluation of sHLA-G levels in serum of patients with prostate cancer identify as a potential of tumor marker

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