Review on the Observed and Physical Properties of core Collapse Supernovae

Abstract

Core collapse supernovae prove to comprise the most common general class of exploding star in the Universe and they come in a great variety of flavors. The wide range of luminosities, expansion velocities, and chemical abundances displayed by these objects is evidence for large variations in explosion energy and in the properties of their progenitors. This paper summarizes observed and physical properties of all types of core collapse supernovae. Despite the great diversity displayed by these objects, several regularities emerge which suggest that 1) there is a continuum in the properties of these objects, 2) the mass of the envelope is one of the driving parameters of the explosion, or it is correlated with some other property of the core, with the latter determining the outcome of the explosion, and 3) the physics of the core and explosion mechanism of all core collapse supernovae are not be fundamentally different, regardless of the external appearance of the supernova. Far above in energy scale and 56 Ni production lies SN 1998bw, the only supernova firmly associated with a gamma-ray burst.

Explosion mechanism, neutrino burst and gravitational wave in core-collapse supernovae

“…Here the reaction (115) occurs through the charged current interaction and is relevant only to ν e , while the other two reactions are through the neutral current interaction and sensitive to all flavors. It should be noted that SK can identify only the electron scattering event (117) for energies of the solar neutrinos (< 10MeV), although its volume is much larger than that of SNO. Fig.…”

“…We will not consider them in this review. The supernovae which we pay attention to in this thesis are the so-called Types II, Ib and Ic (for the recent observational classifications of supernovae, see [133] for example.) For convenience, we have used the common name 'core-collapse supernovae' for supernovae of Types II and Ib/c.…”

The Standard Candle Method for Type II Supernovae and the Hubble Constant

“…Type II supernovae are exploding stars characterized by strong hydrogen spectral lines and their proximity to star forming regions, presumably resulting from the gravitational collapse of the cores of massive stars (M ZAMS >8 M ⊙ ). These objects display great variations in their spectra and lightcurves depending on the properties of their progenitors at the time of core collapse and the density of the medium in which they explode [6]. The plateau subclass (SNe IIP) constitutes a well-defined family which can be distinguished by 1) a characteristic "plateau" lightcurve [1], 2) Balmer lines exhibiting broad P-Cygni profiles, and 3) low radio emission [15].…”