Review on the Discovery of Novel Natural Herbicide Safeners

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of herbicides on crops is a major dilemma in agricultural production. Fortunately, the emergence of herbicide safeners is an excellent solution to this challenge, selectively enhancing the performance of herbicides in controlling weeds while reducing the phytotoxicity to crops. But owing to their potential toxicity, only a tiny proportion of safeners are commercially available. Natural products as safeners have been extensively explored, which are generally safe to mammals and cause little pollution to the environment. They are typically endogenous signal molecules or phytohormones, which are generally difficult to extract and synthesize, and exhibit relatively lower activity than commercial products. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt rational design approaches to modify the structure of natural safeners. This paper reviews the application, safener effects, structural characteristics, and modifications of natural safeners and provides insights on the discovery of natural products as potential safeners in the future.

Integrated Virtual Screening and Validation toward Potential HPPD Inhibition Herbicide

“…The phytotoxicity of test compounds to these crops was also measured by the fresh weight inhibition rate. Each experiment was repeated three times, and data analysis was performed in SPSS v.27 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). ,, …”

Herbicide Safeners: From Molecular Structure Design to Safener Activity

“…Some plant hormones, such as gibberellin A 3 , sanshools, salicylic acid methyl, jasmonate, and melatonin, can act as natural safeners. ,, These natural safeners mitigate herbicide damage by regulating the expression of detoxification enzymes and crucial physiological and biochemical processes in crops, and their parents and metabolites are ecofriendly. However, low activity, high cost, and complex chemical structures make the extraction and synthesis of natural safeners difficult and uneconomical.…”

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Purine Derivatives as Herbicide Safeners

“…Considering chemical attributes, it is evident that certain heterocyclic rings with N and O atom safeners exhibit remarkable biological efficacy. − Building on our previous research on novel herbicide safener synthesis, − we devised a range of novel purine derivatives by splicing the purine fragment from the plant hormone CTK with the phenyl isoxazole and pyrazole fragments of the commercial safeners mefenpyr-diethyl and isoxadifen-ethyl (Scheme ). The title compounds were synthesized and structurally characterized using infrared spectra, 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance, 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance, and high-resolution mass spectrometry.…”