Review on the Current State of Diacylglycerol Production Using Enzymatic Approach

Abstract

Enzymatic production of diacylglycerol (DAG)-enriched oil has been investigated extensively due to its health benefits with total annual sales of approximately USD 200 million in Japan since its introduction in the late 1990s till 2009. Enzymatic catalysis had been proven to exhibit improved results with respect to yield, purity, reaction time, and stability in comparison with chemical catalysis. The cost of the enzymes, however, is the main hurdle to the widespread use of enzyme for commercial DAG production. This paper attempts to review and summarize various lipase-mediated technological methods for DAG production. Critical aspects such as process considerations on DAG synthesis, mass transfer limitations as well as kinetic mechanism models developed for each enzymatic approach in DAG synthesis are also presented and discussed. In addition, possible reactor configurations were evaluated, if lipase-assisted DAG production is to be technically and economically feasible at an industrial scale.

Synthesis, physicochemical properties, and health aspects of structured lipids: A review

“…They can be categorized as sn ‐1,3‐specific and nonspecific enzymes and are capable of catalyzing a variety of reactions including direct esterification, interesterification, acidolysis, and glycerolysis (Table ). Important technical and economic considerations when applying these types of reactions to produce various SLs can be found in numerous book chapters and review papers (Feltes et al., ; Ferreira & Tonetto, ; Phuah et al., ; Soumanou, Perignon, & Villeneuve, ; Utama et al., ). Depending on product requirement and substrate type, various kinds of SLs including trans ‐free plastic fats, CBEs, HMFSs, MLCTs, MAGs, and DAGs can be produced by adopting suitable methods.…”

“…The incorporation of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, for example, n ‐3 series) is intended to improve the nutritional value of lipids thanks to the physiological function of these kinds of fatty acids (Ganesan, Brothersen, & Mcmahon, ; Patterson, Wall, Fitzgerald, Ross, & Stanton, ). Furthermore, synthesis of 1,3‐DAGs has been an ongoing research interest mainly due to their potential health benefits in the reduction of serum TAG/cholesterol level and body fat accumulation as well as in the modulation of glucose metabolism (Lee et al., ; Lo, Tan, Long, Yusoff, & Lai, ; Phuah et al., ).…”

Recent advances on sources and industrial applications of lipases

“…Some important examples include, lipase from C. antarctica used for catalyzing the esterification involving lactic acids or carboxylic acids with alcohols, esterification of di hydroxy stearic acid using both lipase from R. meihei and C. Antarctica, etc. Also it was demonstrated that the progress of these reactions mainly depend on the interfacial area in the case of two‐phase systems and micro emulsions .…”

“…Also, It is important to note that, some of the lipases were found to be active in a broad pH range (7.0–12.0 pH) and exhibited highest activity at a pH of 9.0 . Some of the common lipase sources used in detergent industry include Staphylococcus arlettae, Burkholderia cepacia, P. fluorescens , and Candida species . Generally, the chelating agents in commercial detergents leads to enzyme inactivation, however in case of lipase from B. licheniformis , the addition of calcium chloride to the enzyme‐detergent complex, helped in restoring the activity .…”

Production of Glyceryl Monostearate by Immobilized Candida Antarctica B Lipase in Organic Media

“…A packed bed reactor allows for continuous production of desired product using a very simple reactor design. PBR offers advantage of reduced reaction time and high conversion per unit mass of catalyst [24]. Due to these advantages, esterification between stearic acid and glycerol was performed in a packed bed reactor using 1:3 molar ratio (stearic acid/glycerol) in both presence and absence of molecular sieves.…”