Review on surface modification of nanocarriers to overcome diffusion limitations: An enzyme immobilization aspect

Malar, Carlin Geor; Seenuvasan, Muthulingam; Kumar, Kannaiyan Sathish; Kumar, Anil; Parthiban, Rajendran

doi:10.1016/j.bej.2020.107574

Cited by 62 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Features such as magnetism and chemical compatibility can be combined relatively straightforwardly, thereby making them of great interest in nanomedicine applications such as antibacterial systems, imaging agents, and drug delivery carriers [ 4 , 10 , 11 ]. Moreover, they can be functionalized with different macromolecules, including polymers, peptides, antibodies, and even nucleic acids [ 12 , 13 ]. For instance, the obtained nanoconjugates have found applications in the ultrasensitive detection of biological species or the targeted delivery of nucleic acids at the subcellular level [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patchy Core/Shell, Magnetite/Silver Nanoparticles via Green and Facile Synthesis: Routes to Assure Biocompatibility

et al. 2020

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Nanomedicine is entering a high maturity stage and is ready to reach full translation into the clinical practice. This is because of the ample spectrum of applications enabled by a large arsenal of nanostructured materials. In particular, bimetallic patchy core/shell nanoparticles offer tunable surfaces that allow multifunctional responses. Despite their attractiveness, major challenges regarding the environmental impact and biocompatibility of the obtained materials are yet to be solved. Here, we developed a green synthesis scheme to prepare highly biocompatible patchy core/shell magnetite/silver nanoparticles for biological and biomedical applications. The magnetite core was synthesized by the co-precipitation of ferric chloride and ferrous chloride in the presence of NaOH. This was followed by the patchy silver shell’s growth by a green synthesis approach based on natural honey as a reducing agent. A purification process allowed selecting the target patchy nanoparticles and removing excess toxic reagents from the synthesis very efficiently. The obtained patchy magnetite/silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM + EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The morphology, patchiness level, and size of the nanoparticles were determined via SEM and TEM. In addition, the spectrophotometric characterization confirmed the presence of the patchy silver coating on the surface of the magnetite core. The nanoparticles show high biocompatibility, as evidenced by low cytotoxicity, hemolytic effect, and platelet aggregation tendency. Our study also provides details for the conjugation of multiples chemistries on the surface of the patchy bimetallic nanoparticles, which might be useful for emerging applications in nanomedicine, where high biocompatibility is of the utmost importance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patchy Core/Shell, Magnetite/Silver Nanoparticles via Green and Facile Synthesis: Routes to Assure Biocompatibility

et al. 2020

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“…Therefore, the substrate should diffuse into the support to reach the active site of the immobilized enzyme. Moreover, the product should diffuse away from the active site to facilitate further binding of the substrate [ 47 , 48 ]. The diffusion coefficient is a function of temperature, increases as temperature increases.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Chitosan/Magnetic Porous Biochar as Support for Cellulase Immobilization by Using Glutaraldehyde

Qiu

2020

Polymers

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In this work, porous biochar was obtained from sugarcane bagasse by alkali activation and pyrolysis and then magnetized with γ-Fe2O3 by calcination. After functionalization with chitosan and activation with glutaraldehyde, the as-prepared chitosan/magnetic porous biochar served as a support to immobilize cellulase by covalent bonds. The immobilization amount of cellulase was 80.5 mg cellulase/g support at pH 5 and 25 °C for 12 h of immobilization. To determine the enzymatic properties, 1% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC) (dissolved in 0.1 M buffer) was considered as a substrate for hydrolysis at different pH values (3–7) and temperatures (30–70 °C) for 30 min. The results showed that the optimum pH and temperature of the free and immobilized cellulase did not change, which were pH 4 and 60 °C, respectively. The immobilized cellulase had a relatively high activity recovery of 73.0%. However, it also exhibited a higher Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) value and a slower maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) value compared to the free enzyme. In the reusability assay, the immobilized cellulase showed initial glucose productivity of 330.9 mg glucose/g CMC and remained at 86.0% after 10 uses. In conclusion, the chitosan/magnetic porous biochar has great potential applications as a support for enzyme immobilization.

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“…During the last years, with the fast development of nanotechnology and the discovery of more advanced materials, the combination of nanomaterials and enzymes emerged as an important frontier in enzyme immobilization and lead to the development of a new field called nanobiocatalysis . A myriad of nanomaterials has been used for enzyme immobilization, as represented in Figure , and a special focus has been given to enzymes of the class of oxidoreductases, such as glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), alcohol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.13) and laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), and to some enzymes of the class of transferases (e. g. cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.19) and hydrolases (e. g. urease, EC 3.5.1.5), due to their peculiar use in the construction of biosensors …”

Section: The Emergence Of Nanomaterials As Support For Enzyme Immobilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzyme Immobilization in Covalent Organic Frameworks: Strategies and Applications in Biocatalysis

et al. 2020

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The development of efficient catalytic systems is a fundamental aspect for the straightforward production of chemicals. During the last years, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) emerged as an exciting class of organic nanoporous materials. Due to their pre‐designable structure, they can be prepared with distinct physicochemical characteristics, specific pore sizes, and tunable functional groups. Moreover, associated with their stability in different media, these materials are considered promising supports for enzyme immobilization. Herein, it is highlighted the recent literature of enzyme immobilization in COFs, the main immobilization strategies, and the catalytic applications of these composites.

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Review on surface modification of nanocarriers to overcome diffusion limitations: An enzyme immobilization aspect

Cited by 62 publications

References 83 publications

Patchy Core/Shell, Magnetite/Silver Nanoparticles via Green and Facile Synthesis: Routes to Assure Biocompatibility

Patchy Core/Shell, Magnetite/Silver Nanoparticles via Green and Facile Synthesis: Routes to Assure Biocompatibility

Preparation of Chitosan/Magnetic Porous Biochar as Support for Cellulase Immobilization by Using Glutaraldehyde

Enzyme Immobilization in Covalent Organic Frameworks: Strategies and Applications in Biocatalysis

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