Review on Recent Advances in Urinary Biomarkers Based Electrochemical Sensors for Prostate Cancer Detection

Designing a Simple Electrochemical Genosensor for the Detection of Urinary PCA3, a Prostate Cancer Biomarker

“…Urinary biomarkers are valuable tools in clinical research, diagnostics, and patient care across various medical disciplines. They offer several advantages over other types of biomarkers: non-invasive sampling, abundance, stability under a wide range of storage conditions, facilitating ease of handling and transportation compared to more fragile biomarkers found in other bodily fluids, and the reflection of systemic and local changes, as urine contains biomarkers originating from both systemic circulation and local tissues, providing a comprehensive view of physiological and pathological changes in the body [7][8][9].…”

“…Several urinary biomarkers were reported as PCa biomarkers, including Engrailed 2 protein, sarcosine, alpha-methyl CoA-racemase (AMACR), and the prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3), a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) exclusively produced in prostate cancer tissues [7]. PCA3 expression is reported to be specific to PCa and does not elevate in benign prostatic pathologies, unlike PSA [10,11].…”

Novel Sensitive Immunosensor for the Selective Detection of Engrailed 2 Urinary Prostate Cancer Biomarker

“…EN2 is in fact highly predictive of PCa, with a sensitivity of 66% and a specificity of 88.2%, (Morgan et al 2011) and is expressed at all stages of prostate cancer (T stages 1 -4) as well as in metastatic disease. EN2 presents several other advantages, mainly: i) non-invasive sampling (Mokni et al 2021); ii) stability at room temperature which facilitates sample collection, and iii) non-requirement to a DRE, which improves its acceptability to men and reduces clinical costs.…”