Review on quick response codes in the field of information security (Analysis of various imperceptibility characteristics on grayscale and binary QR code

Ramya, Venkatesan; Gopinath, G.

doi:10.1109/icaet.2014.7105222

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The quick response layer works as an optically readable barcode machine that contains information about an item. A QR code is used to store information, which can be used to localize and track a user in an indoor environment [95]. This information can include the output of a smartphone sensor and the building blueprint, as well as the other data processed through the fusion layer.…”

Section: Quick Response Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Handheld Device-Based Indoor Localization with Zero Infrastructure (HDIZI)

Al-Sahly

Hassan

Saleem

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The correlations between smartphone sensors, algorithms, and relevant techniques are major components facilitating indoor localization and tracking in the absence of communication and localization standards. A major research gap can be noted in terms of explaining the connections between these components to clarify the impacts and issues of models meant for indoor localization and tracking. In this paper, we comprehensively study the smartphone sensors, algorithms, and techniques that can support indoor localization and tracking without the need for any additional hardware or specific infrastructure. Reviews and comparisons detail the strengths and limitations of each component, following which we propose a handheld-device-based indoor localization with zero infrastructure (HDIZI) approach to connect the abovementioned components in a balanced manner. The sensors are the input source, while the algorithms are used as engines in an optimal manner, in order to produce a robust localizing and tracking model without requiring any further infrastructure. The proposed framework makes indoor and outdoor navigation more user-friendly, and is cost-effective for researchers working with embedded sensors in handheld devices, enabling technologies for Industry 4.0 and beyond. We conducted experiments using data collected from two different sites with five smartphones as an initial work. The data were sampled at 10 Hz for a duration of five seconds at fixed locations; furthermore, data were also collected while moving, allowing for analysis based on user stepping behavior and speed across multiple paths. We leveraged the capabilities of smartphones, through efficient implementation and the optimal integration of algorithms, in order to overcome the inherent limitations. Hence, the proposed HDIZI is expected to outperform approaches proposed in previous studies, helping researchers to deal with sensors for the purposes of indoor navigation—in terms of either positioning or tracking—for use in various fields, such as healthcare, transportation, environmental monitoring, or disaster situations.

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Section: Quick Response Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Handheld Device-Based Indoor Localization with Zero Infrastructure (HDIZI)

Al-Sahly

Hassan

Saleem

et al. 2022

Sensors

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“…A general overview on QRS is presented in [12], while a review tailored for transmission based QRS can be digested via [11].…”

Section: B Literature Review and Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, as outlined, unlike the rigorous use of image-based quality metrics planned to validate our proposed CASP, [9] adopted a social engineering perspective to ascertain users' level of security awareness through online surveys. In fact, in terms of validation, besides being thorough in terms of its review of QRS techniques, the study in [12], which utilised standard image-based metrics, is more like our study. However, their study was tailored for generating coloured (cyan, magenta and yellow) QR Codes.…”

Section: B Literature Review and Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A well-designed image encryption algorithm should have uniform histograms for different encrypted images, which indicates potential for resistance against statistical attacks [71]. However, in binary images, since the pixel distribution is concentrated in the ends, the greyscale histogram presents long valley consisting of flattened out values [12]. Therefore, such a histogram may not effectively show the frequency distribution.…”

Section: ) Heterogeneity ρmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cellular-Automated Protocol to Safeguard Confidentiality of QR Codes

Iliyasu

2019

IEEE Access

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Cellular automata (CA) is a veritable tool that provides useful insights into the intricate composition of physical systems. By exploiting this as well as the ability of CA to utilise local interactions of individual CA cells to function as a receptable for information processing, we propose a CA-based security protocol (CASP) to safeguard the integrity of QR codes. First, undertaking an extensive and conscientious study of the composition of QR codes, we propose delineating an encrypt-able area (E A ) that excludes key areas needed to retain physical appearance and properties of an innocuous QR Code. Further, we adduce a zoning structure that demarcates the E A into seven zones. Our analysis shows that careful adulteration of contents of at least two zones are enough to produce encrypted versions of the QR codes. Second, each zone is partitioned into m tiles, each a 3×3 sub-block and then local interactions emanating from the occupancy (or strength) of the tiles are used to determine the composition of first-and second-tier rulesets. Third, to steer the evolution of the QR Codes, we propose the use of zone and cell-wise dextral boundary conditions (DBC) that combine a troika of cells permeating contents of a tile at state t to determine the left-most cell entry at state t+1 of its evolution. Further, we impose a pixel-wise constraint that ensures that each encrypted tile has a discordance that is no less than the in-built error correction tolerance of the code. This property guarantees adequate scrambling of the QR code to mitigate unauthorised access to it and the information it conceals. Meanwhile, considering the properties (balanced, linear and reversible) and nature of our rulesets, the proposed CASP protocol recovers QR codes that are seamlessly scannable as conduits leading authorized users to confidential information. We validated our protocol by implementing both the encryption and recovery procedures on different versions of QR Codes and our results suggest that, on average, modifications up to a minimum of 2 to 5% of any two zones of the delineated E A were enough to securely encrypt Versions 2, 3, and 4 QR Codes that were reported in the experiments; thus, rendering them unscannable and the information they conceal inaccessible. Similarly, the recovery process yields an average 97% fidelity between the original and recovered QR Codes, which is enough to restore full functionality of the codes without need for any special hardware or add-ons. Moreover, rulesets employed in our protocol are profuse, dynamic and complex, which are key properties for CA-based cryptography. This demonstrates the efficacy of our protocol as a tool to confine the transitory role of QR Codes to authorised users.

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“…QR codes usually consist of black patterns arranged in a square grid on a white background, which can be read by a camera and processed to extract the data they contain [20].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beep4Me: Automatic Ticket Validation to Support Fare Clearing and Service Planning

Tuveri

Garau

Sottile

et al. 2022

Sensors

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An integrated transport service fare system, supported by an agreement for ticket revenue sharing among service providers, is an essential component to improve the experience of the users who can find single tickets for the integrated transport services they look for. A challenge is to find a model to share the revenue which all providers agree on. A solution is to adopt data-driven approaches where user-generated data are collected to extract information on the extent each transport service was used. This is consistently used. However, it suffers from incomplete data, as not all users always validate their ticket when checking out or when switching lines. We studied all technologies available to support automatic ticket validation in order to record when the users access and exit each service line. The contributions of this work are the following: we give an in-depth description of the inner workings of this novel approach describing how we take advantage of each technology; we present the developed solution (Beep4Me), which adds new functionalities to an existing mobile ticketing platform; and we describe our testing framework, which includes most cases users might encounter during a trip. Our results demonstrate how it is possible to collect key data related to validations which can be used first for clearing purposes and then for network planning/fleet optimization.

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Review on quick response codes in the field of information security (Analysis of various imperceptibility characteristics on grayscale and binary QR code

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Handheld Device-Based Indoor Localization with Zero Infrastructure (HDIZI)

Handheld Device-Based Indoor Localization with Zero Infrastructure (HDIZI)

Cellular-Automated Protocol to Safeguard Confidentiality of QR Codes

Beep4Me: Automatic Ticket Validation to Support Fare Clearing and Service Planning

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