Review on PLGA Polymer Based Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial Properties and Their Application in Various Medical Conditions or Infections

Abstract

The rise in the resistance to antibiotics is due to their inappropriate use and the use of a broad spectrum of antibiotics. This has also contributed to the development of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, and due to the unavailability of suitable new drugs for treatments, it is difficult to control. Hence, there is a need for the development of new novel, target-specific antimicrobials. Nanotechnology, involving the synthesis of nanoparticles, may be one of the best options, as it can be manipulated by using physicochemical properties to develop intelligent NPs with desired properties. NPs, because of their unique properties, can deliver drugs to specific targets and release them in a sustained fashion. The chance of developing resistance is very low. Polymeric nanoparticles are solid colloids synthesized using either natural or synthetic polymers. These polymers are used as carriers of drugs to deliver them to the targets. NPs, synthesized using poly-lactic acid (PLA) or the copolymer of lactic and glycolic acid (PLGA), are used in the delivery of controlled drug release, as they are biodegradable, biocompatible and have been approved by the USFDA. In this article, we will be reviewing the synthesis of PLGA-based nanoparticles encapsulated or loaded with antibiotics, natural products, or metal ions and their antibacterial potential in various medical applications.

Navigating Antibacterial Frontiers: A Panoramic Exploration of Antibacterial Landscapes, Resistance Mechanisms, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies

“…All of these properties increase the attractiveness of nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents . Changes in composition can allow nanoparticle-bound drugs to evade or reduce drug resistance mechanisms; for example, poly­( co -lactic acid-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles containing metronidazole were as effective against juvenile periodontitis as tetracycline, though metronidazole was previously found to be ineffective against the contributing bacterium Aggregibacter actinomycetecomitans . , PLGA or polyamidoamine (PAMAM) nanoparticles containing platensimycin were more effective against S. aureus in mice than free platensimycin and were even effective against MRSA in mice . PLGA nanoparticles containing azithromycin showed improved activity against MRSA and E. faecalis but not P. aeruginosa ; improvement corresponded to the presence of efflux pump-derived resistance as nanoparticle encapsulated antibiotics are reported to bypass the efflux activity in bacteria .…”

Diclofenac Sodium‐Encapsulated Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) Nanoparticles: A Non‐antibiotic Formulation to Attenuate the Proteolytic Activity of P. aeruginosa Clinical Isolates

“…PLGA nanoparticles have received attention for being applied in drug delivery, reducing drug toxicity, and in various biomedical applications. [6] Therefore, this work aims to prepare diclofenac sodiumencapsulated PLGA nanoparticles and to evaluate their effect on expression of lasA and lasB genes, as well as bacterial proteolytic and elastolytic activities in P. aeruginosa strains.…”

“…PLGA is a biocompatible and easily metabolized polymer which is widely used in drug delivery formulations. PLGA nanoparticles have received attention for being applied in drug delivery, reducing drug toxicity, and in various biomedical applications [6] …”

Antimicrobial Efficacy of a Vegetable Oil Plasticizer in PVC Matrices

“…Furthermore, research has explored the utility of antimicrobial polymers such as chitosan [ 8 , 9 ] and polyethyleneimine [ 10 ], demonstrating promising outcomes in rupturing bacterial cell membranes, resulting in bacterial demise. Additionally, investigations have delved into polymer-based nanoparticles loaded with antimicrobial agents, showcasing different mechanisms of action [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”