Review on particle emissions during fused deposition modeling of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polylactic acid polymers

Manoj, Aluri; Bhuyan, M.; Banik, Swarup Raj; Sankar, Mamilla Ravi

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.521

Cited by 28 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Kim and col. 140 showed that ABS and PLA filaments emit particles in the size range 10–420 nm, with most particles being less than 100 nm and ABS printing leads to 33–38 times more particles than PLA printing. The higher emission for ABS (> 10 6 particles/cm 3 ) compared to PLA was also observed in the studies of Sigloch et al 152 and Byrley et al 148 Manoi et al 153 explained this fact by the high melting temperature of ABS. In the study by Mendes et al 2 , the emission of nanoparticles remained insignificant during the first minute of the printing process, that is, during the mechanical movement of the component and the heating.…”

Section: Emissions From 3d Printing Devicessupporting

confidence: 61%

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State of the art in additive manufacturing and its possible chemical and particle hazards—review

et al. 2021

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Additive manufacturing, enabling rapid prototyping and so‐called on‐demand production, has become a common method of creating parts or whole devices. On a 3D printer, real objects are produced layer by layer, thus creating extraordinary possibilities as to the number of applications for this type of devices. The opportunities offered by this technique seem to be pushing new boundaries when it comes to both the use of 3D printing in practice and new materials from which the 3D objects can be printed. However, the question arises whether, at the same time, this solution is safe enough to be used without limitations, wherever and by everyone. According to the scientific reports, three‐dimensional printing can pose a threat to the user, not only in terms of physical or mechanical hazards, but also through the potential emissions of chemical substances and fine particles. Thus, the presented publication collects information on the additive manufacturing, different techniques, and ways of printing with application of diverse raw materials. It presents an overview of the last 5 years’ publications focusing on 3D printing, especially regarding the potential chemical and particle emission resulting from the use of such printers in both the working environment and private spaces.

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Section: Emissions From 3d Printing Devicessupporting

confidence: 61%

“…and Byrley et al148 Manoi et al153 explained this fact by the high melting temperature of ABS. In the study by Mendes et al 2 , the emission of nanoparticles remained insignificant during the first minute of the printing process, that is, during the mechanical movement of the component and the heating.…”

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confidence: 99%

State of the art in additive manufacturing and its possible chemical and particle hazards—review

et al. 2021

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“…Weber et al 4 measured the ultrafine and fine particle emissions from the use of the most commonly used filament materials in FDM‐3D printers, such as acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), through an experiment in the experimental chamber and reported that the particle size ranges from 11.5 to 11.6 nm, and ABS shows an emission rate 10 times higher than that of PLA. This result can be understood in that, due to its high melting temperature, ABS emits more particles than PLA 21 . Stabile et al 22 and Jeon et al 23 sought to determine the concentration of ultrafine and fine particles emitted from the FDM‐3D printer by changing the nozzle temperature and filament material (i.e., ABS, PLA, Laywood, and Nylon) through an experiment in the experimental chamber and confirmed that as the nozzle temperature of the 3D printer decreases, the number of ultrafine and fine particles decreases, and the use of PLA produces the least number of particles.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This result can be understood in that, due to its high melting temperature, ABS emits more particles than PLA. 21 Stabile et al 22 and Jeon et al 23 sought to determine the concentration of ultrafine and fine particles emitted from the FDM-3D printer by changing the nozzle temperature and filament material (i.e., ABS, PLA, Laywood, and Nylon) through an experiment in the experimental chamber and confirmed that as the nozzle temperature of the 3D printer decreases, the number of ultrafine and fine particles decreases, and the use of PLA produces the least number of particles. Deng et al 24 also confirmed that when the PLA is used for 3D printing, the least number of ultrafine and fine particles arises; moreover, they reported that the number of ultrafine and fine particles is relatively high when the nozzle temperature is high.…”

Section: Ultrafine and Fine Particles Emitted From 3d Printingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of ways to reduce potential health risk from ultrafine and fine particles emitted from 3D printers in the makerspace

et al. 2022

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The maker culture that allows anyone to make necessary things with his/her own hands has been prevalent. In line with this trend, the makerspace equipped with fabrication tools such as 3D printers, 3D scanners, and laser cutters has spread worldwide. 1 In particular, this spread has been accelerated with the expiration of a patent for the fused deposition modeling (FDM)-3D printer. The FDM-3D printer is the most commonly used device in the makerspace due to the initial purchase cost and material cost reductions as it melts the filament to produce stacked layers. 2,3 Despite these advantages, the FDM-3D printer serves as a primary source for the emission of ultrafine and fine particles from the process of melting the filament, and thus, may cause health problems among occupants. 4 Fine particles are substances with a particle diameter of less than 2.5 μm, while ultrafine particle are substances with a particle diameter of 0.1 μm (i.e., 100 nm) or less. 5 Because ultrafine and fine particles have very small diameters, they can be suspended in the air for a long time. In general, fine particles with a diameter of 1~10 μm are deposited in the bronchial tubes, and ultrafine particles with a diameter of less than 100 nm can be deposited in the alveoli, including the bronchi. While short-term exposure

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“…[ 33 ] However, for most feedstock materials, especially poly(lactic acid) (PLA) which is bio‐based and low melting (thus requiring a relatively low printing temperature), a well‐ventilated place may suffice to work safely, although the safe operating instructions are different for each material and should be carefully considered before printing. [ 34,35 ]…”

Section: Competitive Advantages Of Fffmentioning

confidence: 99%

Materials Requirements in Fused Filament Fabrication: A Framework for the Design of Next‐Generation 3D Printable Thermoplastics and Composites

Sola

2022

Macro Materials & Eng

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Fused filament fabrication (FFF), also known as fused deposition modeling, is the leading technology for polymer-based additive manufacturing. The simplicity, along with the cleanness, the affordability, and the multi-material capability, are some of the main advantages that have prompted this success. Nonetheless, the uptake of FFF in industry is hampered by the limited functionality of commercial filaments, that are often based on plain thermoplastics. The future growth of FFF into new markets needs a significant improvement of available materials. However, materials requirements in FFF are complicated and often mutually conflicting. Whereas heuristic approaches to materials design imply significant costs in terms of time, energy, and materials, a critical survey of the main requirements that a new material should fulfill in order to be printable and suitable for commercial adoption is still missing. In order to bridge this gap, the present paper analyzes the workflow from filament production to end-of-life disposal of printed objects, and, for each step, brings to light the governing materials properties. Wherever possible, practical guidelines are given on acceptable values. Existing lacks of knowledge are identified to direct future studies. The ultimate goal is to provide a road map to making materials development in FFF more efficient.

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Review on particle emissions during fused deposition modeling of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polylactic acid polymers

Cited by 28 publications

References 70 publications

State of the art in additive manufacturing and its possible chemical and particle hazards—review

State of the art in additive manufacturing and its possible chemical and particle hazards—review

Analysis of ways to reduce potential health risk from ultrafine and fine particles emitted from 3D printers in the makerspace

Materials Requirements in Fused Filament Fabrication: A Framework for the Design of Next‐Generation 3D Printable Thermoplastics and Composites

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