Review on Occurrence, Sources of Contamination, and Mitigation Strategies of Phthalates in Vegetable Oils

Wang, Su Yin.; Wang, Man Qiu.; Yang, En Qi; Chen, Xian Mao.; Pan, Feng

doi:10.1002/ejlt.202100086

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 53 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…Since food is the major source of exposure to phthalates in humans, it is of great importance to assess toxicological levels of phthalates within it. Foodstuffs that are high in fat content, such as edible oil, are prone to phthalates contamination due to their lipophilicity, as well as direct exposure to food packaging and food contact materials [ 7 , 8 ]. Therefore, it is important to investigate the potential risks and dietary exposure of phthalates from edible oil since global consumption of edible oil is high.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS)

Xiao

Wong

Chan

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Although the use of phthalates has been restricted worldwide, they remain an issue due to health concerns. Diet is one of the most important exposure pathways for humans and due to their solubility in oil, phthalates are commonly found in edible oil and food high in fat. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using electron ionization (EI) has been commonly used for the analysis of the phthalates in foodstuffs, including edible oil. However, this method suffers from issues with sensitivity and selectivity, as most phthalates are fragmented to generate a common phthalic anhydride fragment ion at m/z 149. The molecular ion cannot be observed due to strong fragmentation in EI. In contrast, atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) is a soft ionization technique with less fragmentation, whereby the molecular ion can be used as the precursor ion for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). In this study, a simple and quick method for the determination of phthalates in vegetable oil using APGC-MS/MS was developed, and performance was assessed. The method was based on dilution of the oil in solvent and direct injection without the need for further cleanup. The established method was evaluated for linearity, recovery, precision, method detection limit (MDL), and method quantitation limit (MQL). The obtained MQL in vegetable oil was in the range of 0.015–0.058 mg/kg, despite limiting the injection volume to 1 µL, which is suitable for investigating dietary exposure and future proof against decreases to the regulatory limit. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to analyze nine phthalates in eight commercially available vegetable oil.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS)

Xiao

Wong

Chan

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Environmental and Food Contamination by Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs): Overview

Sokołowski,

Kończak,

Oleszczuk

et al. 2024

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are dialkyl or alkyl/aryl ester derivatives of phthalic acid. PAEs are colorless, odorless, and flavorless oily liquids. PAEs are the main plasticizers used in industry and households. DEHP (di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate) is the main plasticizer used in the polymer industry, whereas DMP (dimethyl phthalate) and DEP (diethyl phthalate) are used mainly as solvents or fixatives in cosmetics and personal care products. PAEs are synthetic organic compounds poorly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Into the environment, they are introduced during the production, use and degradation, packaging, and transportation of plastic products. In the environment, PAEs are degraded in three ways: by hydrolysis, photodegradation, and microbial degradation, whereas the biodegradation and hydrolysis of PAEs in the environment are very slow. PAEs are pollutants of soil, water, groundwater, river water, marine water, air, sediments, vegetables, and biota. Due to the great interest in the subject of environmental pollution by PAEs and the emergence of new information in this area, it is extremely important to systematically review the current knowledge. In the presented paper, the occurrence of PAEs in different environmental matrices was reviewed. The toxicity to plants, animals, and humans was also described.

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Comparative study on wastewater pollution reduction: dissolved air flotation versus acidic flotation and pH effects

Hartal,

Khattabi Rifi,

Madinzi

et al. 2024

Euro-Mediterr J Environ Integr

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Review on Occurrence, Sources of Contamination, and Mitigation Strategies of Phthalates in Vegetable Oils

Cited by 6 publications

References 53 publications

Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS)

Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS)

Environmental and Food Contamination by Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs): Overview

Comparative study on wastewater pollution reduction: dissolved air flotation versus acidic flotation and pH effects

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