Review on Occurrence and Toxicity of Pharmaceutical Contamination in Southeast Asia

A chronicle of SARS-CoV-2: Seasonality, environmental fate, transport, inactivation, and antiviral drug resistance

“…Like several other pharmaceuticals, antiviral drugs are prognosticated to be one of the most perilous among the therapeutic group, with the help of quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) modelling, in terms of their toxicity with regard to fishes, crustaceans, common water fleas and algae ( Sanderson et al, 2004 , Menon et al, 2020 ). The ecotoxicological effects of various antiviral drugs, together with their side effects on human are summarized in Table 3 .…”

Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and chemical markers in campus dormitories in an evolving COVID − 19 pandemic

“…In some cases, the lack of knowledge has prompted people to take several antibiotics [42] , antivirals [33] and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) [47] as a precautionary measure. After consumption, these drugs may undergo a series of biochemical transformations in the human body and are finally discharged both in conjugated and unconjugated forms with the potential to cause ecotoxicity effects [41] , [45] , [46] . Many of these pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are known to produce adverse secondary effects and thus, could pose chronic impacts to aquatic biota [17] , [44] , [60] .…”

Identifying knowledge gaps in understanding the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on fish behaviour

“…Therefore, they may induce behavioural alterations in non-target organisms, like fish, with severe fitness consequences ( Martin et al, 2021 ). Several studies have already demonstrated that sublethal exposure to SSRIs can significantly alter fish behaviour, physiology, and gene expression ( Hedgespeth et al, 2014 ; Kellner et al, 2015 ; Bisesi et al, 2016 ; Pelli and Connaughton, 2015 ; Weinberger and Klaper, 2014 ; Yang et al, 2021 ; Menon et al, 2020 ). This class of antidepressants has often been detected in water systems ( Fekadu et al, 2019 ; Burkina et al, 2015 ; Menon et al, 2020 ; Fernandez-Rubio et al, 2019 ; Silva et al, 2015 ; Sumpter and Margiotta-Casaluci, 2022 ), and their environmental levels are expected to increase significantly due to the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health ( Singh et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Several studies have already demonstrated that sublethal exposure to SSRIs can significantly alter fish behaviour, physiology, and gene expression ( Hedgespeth et al, 2014 ; Kellner et al, 2015 ; Bisesi et al, 2016 ; Pelli and Connaughton, 2015 ; Weinberger and Klaper, 2014 ; Yang et al, 2021 ; Menon et al, 2020 ). This class of antidepressants has often been detected in water systems ( Fekadu et al, 2019 ; Burkina et al, 2015 ; Menon et al, 2020 ; Fernandez-Rubio et al, 2019 ; Silva et al, 2015 ; Sumpter and Margiotta-Casaluci, 2022 ), and their environmental levels are expected to increase significantly due to the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health ( Singh et al, 2022 ). SSRIs exert their therapeutic effect by blocking the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) in the presynaptic cell, thus inducing an increase in serotonin levels within the central nervous system (CNS) ( Salahinejad et al, 2022 ; Kellner and Olsén, 2020 ; McDonald, 2017 ).…”