Review on impregnation issues in laminates manufacture: opportunities and risks of phenol substitution by lignins or other natural phenols in resins

Thébault, Marion; Müller, Uwe; Kandelbauer, Andreas; Zikulnig-Rusch, Edith; Lammer, Herfried

doi:10.1007/s00107-017-1206-7

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 142 publications

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“…Consequently, the technological features studied are mainly focused on mechanical strength and hydrolytic stability of the resulting boards. In contrast, impregnation resins are much less well characterized and despite their economic importance only few studies are found focusing on the technological profile important for paper impregnation 29–33 and surface coating 8,23,34–36 . The present article intends to fill this gap to some extent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response surface optimization for improving the processing behavior of melamine formaldehyde impregnation resins

Seidl

Weiss

Zikulnig-Rusch

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Melamine‐formaldehyde resins are widely used for decorative paper impregnation. Resin properties relevant for impregnation are mainly determined already at the stage of resin synthesis by the applied reaction conditions. Thus, understanding the relationship between reaction conditions and technological properties is important. Response surface methodology based on orthogonal parameter level variations is the most suitable tool to identify and quantify factor effects and deduce causal correlation patterns. Here, two major process factors of MF resin synthesis were systematically varied using such a statistical experimental design. To arrive at resins having a broad range of technological properties, initial pH and M:F ratio were varied in a wide range (pH: 7.9–12.1; M:F ratio: 1:1.5–1:4.5). The impregnation behavior of the resins was modeled using viscosity, penetration rate and residual curing capacity as technological responses. Based on the response surface models, nonlinear and synergistic action of process factors was quantified and a suitable process window for preparing resins with favorable impregnation performance was defined. It was found that low M:F ratios (~1:2–1:2.5) and comparatively high starting pHs (~pH 11) yield impregnation resins with rapid impregnation behavior and good residual curing capacity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response surface optimization for improving the processing behavior of melamine formaldehyde impregnation resins

Seidl

Weiss

Zikulnig-Rusch

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Among these bio-based materials, lignin as the most abundant natural polyphenolic polymer plays a major role as a green binder material [35][36][37] and potential substitute for phenolic or similar compounds [38,39]. The complete or partial replacement of phenol by lignin or other renewable phenolic compounds was the topic of a recent review [40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impregnated Paper-Based Decorative Laminates Prepared from Lignin-Substituted Phenolic Resins

Th閎ault¹,

Li²,

Beuc³

et al. 2020

Journal of Renewable Materials

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High Pressure Laminates (HPL) panels consist of stacks of self-gluing paper sheets soaked with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins. An important requirement for such PFs is that they must rapidly penetrate and saturate the paper pores. Partially substituting phenol with bio-based phenolic chemicals like lignin changes the physico-chemical properties of the resin and affects its ability to penetrate the paper. In this study, PF formulations containing different proportions of lignosulfonate and kraft lignin were used to prepare paper-based laminates. The penetration of a Kraft paper sheet was characterized by a recently introduced, new device measuring the conductivity between both sides of the paper sheet after a drop of resin was placed on the surface and allowed to penetrate the sheet. The main target value measured was the time required for a specific resin to completely penetrate the defined paper sample ("penetration time"). This penetration time generally depends on the molecular weight distribution, the flow behavior and the polarity of the resin which in turn are dependent on the manufacturing conditions of the resin. In the present study, the influences of the three process factors: (1) type of lignin material used for substitution, (2) lignin modification by phenolation and (3) degree of phenol substitution on the penetration times of various lignin-phenolic hybrid impregnation resins were studied using a complete twolevel three-factorial experimental design. Thin laminates made with the resins diluted in methanol were mechanically tested in terms of tensile and flexural strains, and their cross-sections were studied by light microscopy.

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“…A huge amount of lignin is produced every year from the kraft pulping processes . Kraft lignin represents a source of biobased phenolic polymers and can be used as alternatives or partial substitution products of oil-based phenols for applications in medicine, fine chemicals, and polymer materials such as phenolic resin. − However, due to the condensed nature of kraft lignin, , and thus associated low reactivity and poor solubility in solvents, in most studies, the lignin substitution (for phenol) is limited to 50% due to (1) low phenolic content and (2) high viscosity of lignin-based resin . Therefore, effective depolymerization of kraft lignin, so that phenols are formed, is highly desirable, and it is a hot research topic in the research community. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2−5 However, due to the condensed nature of kraft lignin, 1,6 and thus associated low reactivity and poor solubility in solvents, in most studies, the lignin substitution (for phenol) is limited to 50% due to (1) low phenolic content and (2) high viscosity of lignin-based resin. 7 Therefore, effective depolymerization of kraft lignin, so that phenols are formed, is highly desirable, and it is a hot research topic in the research community. 8−11 The 12−19 However, the cleavage of C−O bonds in lignin usually leads to the formation of oligomeric polyphenols (or pyrolytic lignin), 20 and the cleavages of C−C bonds in lignin are essential to acquire monophenols.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Cleavage of C–C Bond in Lignin Models by Bifunctional Pt/CDC-SiC

Wang

et al. 2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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We herein reported a microwave-assisted catalytic cracking (MACC) strategy for 5-5′ C(phenyl)–C(phenyl) bonds cleavage using 2,2′-biphenol (2-BP) as the kraft lignin model. A microwave absorbent of SiC was modified as the catalyst carrier for the carbide-derived carbon (CDC) layer to form CDC-SiC; subsequently, the Pt/CDC-SiC catalyst was prepared. Pt/CDC-SiC exhibited a high selectivity to monomers with total mass yields of 49.3 wt %. The conversion rate increased from 17.1% to 85% with Pt/CDC-SiC under the dynamic vapor flow reaction system. Methanol vapor can produce hydrogen and methyl radicals under microwave irradiation and decrease the activation barrier of the C–C bond cleavage.

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Review on impregnation issues in laminates manufacture: opportunities and risks of phenol substitution by lignins or other natural phenols in resins

Cited by 18 publications

References 142 publications

Response surface optimization for improving the processing behavior of melamine formaldehyde impregnation resins

Response surface optimization for improving the processing behavior of melamine formaldehyde impregnation resins

Impregnated Paper-Based Decorative Laminates Prepared from Lignin-Substituted Phenolic Resins

Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Cleavage of C–C Bond in Lignin Models by Bifunctional Pt/CDC-SiC

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