Review on host-pathogen interaction in dermatophyte infections

Gupta, Charu; Das, Shukla; Gaurav, Vishal; Singh, Praveen Kumar; Rai, Gargi; Datt, S.C.; Tigga, Richa; Pandhi, Deepika; Bhattacharya, Sambit; Ansari, M. A.; Dar, Sajad Ahmad

doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2022.101331

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Dermatophytes were traditionally classified into three genera: Trichophyton , Epidermophyton , and Microsporum . Phylogenomic studies have since revised the taxonomy into seven genera: Trichophyton , Epidermophyton , and Microsporum , as well as Paraphyton , Lophophyton , Arthroderma , and Nannizzia [ 409 , 410 ]. Infection is acquired by the deposition of spores from humans, animals, or soil, accounting for anthrophilic, zoophilic, or geophilic spread, respectively.…”

Section: Dermatophytosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Of Mycelium and Men: Inherent Human Susceptibility to Fungal Diseases

Vinh

2023

Pathogens

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In medical mycology, the main context of disease is iatrogenic-based disease. However, historically, and occasionally, even today, fungal diseases affect humans with no obvious risk factors, sometimes in a spectacular fashion. The field of “inborn errors of immunity” (IEI) has deduced at least some of these previously enigmatic cases; accordingly, the discovery of single-gene disorders with penetrant clinical effects and their immunologic dissection have provided a framework with which to understand some of the key pathways mediating human susceptibility to mycoses. By extension, they have also enabled the identification of naturally occurring auto-antibodies to cytokines that phenocopy such susceptibility. This review provides a comprehensive update of IEI and autoantibodies that inherently predispose humans to various fungal diseases.

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Section: Dermatophytosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Of Mycelium and Men: Inherent Human Susceptibility to Fungal Diseases

Vinh

2023

Pathogens

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“…Unlike dermatophyte infections, whose keratinolytic activities and obligate adaptations on the human skin, hair or nails are reflective of primary pathogenicity, many NDMs are found widely in the environment and so may easily be present in cultures as a contaminant rather than a pathogen, and in fact may have many different explanations for their presence in nails, beyond pathology. 94,95 Summerbell proposed that NDMs detected in nails can be placed into six distinct ecological niches affecting their pathogenic potential: (1) contaminant, where fungal elements from the environment landed into the nail coincidentally, (2) commensal, where NDMs propagate on the nail surface without causing disease, (3) transient saprobic colonizer or (4) persistent secondary colonizer, where the degradation of the nail unit caused by the primary dermatophytic pathogen produces nutrients sustaining NDM growth either in the shortterm or long-term, (5) successional invader, where an NDM superinfection is conditioned by a primary dermatophytic pathogen (i.e. the degraded nail unit allows its initial establishment and subsequent maintenance of infection with the possibility of displacing the dominant strain), and (6) primary invader where NDM establishes and maintains a mono-infection.…”

Section: Rol E Of N Dmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This increases the accessibility of keratin substrates to hydrolytic enzymes (keratinases). 94,96 Lipid-degrading enzymes may further facilitate the fungal growth. 94 It is therefore conceivable that NDMs demonstrated to establish and maintain infection, with or without the presence of another dermatophytic pathogen (i.e.…”

Section: Pathogenicity Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comprehensive review of nondermatophyte mould onychomycosis: Epidemiology, diagnosis and management

Gupta,

Wang,

Cooper

et al. 2023

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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Nondermatophyte moulds (NDMs) are widely distributed and can be detected in association with mycotic nails; however, sometimes it can be challenging to establish the role of NDMs in the pathogenesis of onychomycosis (i.e. causative vs. contaminant). In studies where the ongoing invasive presence of NDMs is confirmed through repeat cultures, the global prevalence of NDMs in onychomycosis patients is estimated at 6.9% with the 3 most common genus being: Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis and Fusarium. NDM onychomycosis can, in many cases, appear clinically indistinguishable from dermatophyte onychomycosis. Clinical features suggestive of NDMs include proximal subungual onychomycosis with paronychia associated with Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp. and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, as well as superficial white onychomycosis in a deep and diffused pattern associated with Aspergillus and Fusarium. Longitudinal streaks seen in patients with distal and lateral onychomycosis may serve as an additional indicator. For diagnosis, light microscopic examination should demonstrate fungal filaments consistent with an NDM with at least two independent isolations in the absence of a dermatophyte; the advent of molecular testing combined with histological assessment may serve as an alternative with improved sensitivity and turnover time. In most instances, antifungal susceptibility testing has limited value. Information on effective treatments for NDM onychomycosis is relatively scarce, unlike the situation in the study of dermatophyte onychomycosis. Terbinafine and itraconazole therapy (continuous and pulsed) appear effective to varying extents for treating onychomycosis caused by Aspergillus, Fusarium or Scopulariopsis. There is scant literature on oral treatments for Neoscytalidium.

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“…Classically, dermatophytes were classified into three genera: Trichophyton , Epidermophyton , and Microsporum . More recently, genomic-based data have revised the taxonomy into seven genera: Trichophyton , Epidermophyton , and Microsporum , as well as Paraphyton , Lophophyton , Arthroderma , and Nannizzia [ 184 , 185 ]. Collectively, these fungi are further categorized by ecological niche into those that are anthrophilic (spread between humans), zoophilic (from animals), or geophilic (from soil).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inborn Errors of Immunity Causing Pediatric Susceptibility to Fungal Diseases

Olbrich

Vinh

2023

JoF

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Inborn errors of immunity are a heterogeneous group of genetically determined disorders that compromise the immune system, predisposing patients to infections, autoinflammatory/autoimmunity syndromes, atopy/allergies, lymphoproliferative disorders, and/or malignancies. An emerging manifestation is susceptibility to fungal disease, caused by yeasts or moulds, in a superficial or invasive fashion. In this review, we describe recent advances in the field of inborn errors of immunity associated with increased susceptibility to fungal disease.

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Review on host-pathogen interaction in dermatophyte infections

Cited by 11 publications

References 94 publications

Of Mycelium and Men: Inherent Human Susceptibility to Fungal Diseases

Of Mycelium and Men: Inherent Human Susceptibility to Fungal Diseases

A comprehensive review of nondermatophyte mould onychomycosis: Epidemiology, diagnosis and management

Inborn Errors of Immunity Causing Pediatric Susceptibility to Fungal Diseases

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