Review on epidemiology, disease burden, and treatment patterns of IgA nephropathy in select APAC countries

Abstract

Background Immunoglobulin type A (IgA) nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis (GN) worldwide with higher rates in East and Pacific Asia compared to North America and Europe. Despite high reported prevalence of IgAN in these countries, the overall disease prevalence across Asia is not available. Treatment patterns of IgAN patients across Asian countries have also not been summarized. The aim of this study was to review and summarize evidence on IgA nephropathy prevalence, treatment patterns, and humanistic and economic burden in mainland China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and Australia. Methods A targeted literature review was conducted in PubMed and local databases in China (including Taiwan), South Korea, Japan, and Australia between January 2010-December 2021. Website literature searches were conducted using Google Scholar and Baidu. Results Sixty-nine publications and 3 clinical guidelines were included. Incidence ranged from 0 to 10.7 per 100 000 people per year in Australia, Japan, and Taiwan, and ranged from 6.3 to 24.70% among patients who underwent renal biopsy in mainland China. Prevalence and diagnosis rates ranged from 0 to 72.1% in mainland China, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and Australia. Mortality rates in mainland China, South Korea, and Japan varied widely. The top 3 commonly used therapies were angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blockers (0.9-99.6%), corticosteroids (3.5-100%), and immunosuppressants (1.6-85.5%) in Japan, mainland China, and South Korea. Patient quality of life was measured by different tools, and annual hospitalization costs ranged from $1 284.73 to $2 252.12 (2015–2018) in China. Conclusions The prevalence of IgA nephropathy among the general population in select countries/regions is not commonly available, despite evidence from studies and clinical guidelines. In addition, it is observed across geographic regions that heterogeneity exists in prevalence rates, and large variations exist in treatment patterns. There is need to fill in these gaps to understand the contributing factors behind the differences through population-based, multi-center, and real-world studies.