Review on Dissociative Anaesthetics and Compatible Drug Combinations in Veterinary Clinical Practice

Abstract

Cite this articleDugassa J, Fromsa A. Review on dissociative anaesthetics and compatible drug combinations in veterinary clinical practice. ABSTRACTCopyright 2018 by Dugassa J. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. BackgroundDissociative anesthesia is a form of anesthesia characterized by catalepsy, catatonia, analgesia, and amnesia. Although some reviews and research findings are conducted regarding dissociative anaesthetics and its combination with other compatible drugs as clinical use, the information is highly scattered, not well compiled and presented for commercialization specially in Veterinary Medicine. AimTo review on importance of dissociative anaesthetics and its clinical relevance, and to review on combination of dissociative anaesthetics with other compatible drugs and its application in veterinary practices. ConclusionDissociative anesthetic combinations are effective anesthetic induction regimens and can be used both to induce and maintain anesthesia in surgical procedures of mild to moderate intensity and short duration. Dissociative anesthesia resembles a cataleptic state in which the patient appears to be asleep, but does not respond to external stimuli. Ketamine and tiletemine is the common drug of this group mainly used in animals effectively. These drugs are mainly characterized by analgesia and superficial sleep with good somatic analgesia but poor visceral analgesia and muscle relaxation.

Use of a rat model to characterize 35 arterial pulse wave parameters in a comparative study of isoflurane and Zoletil/xylazine anesthesia and the effect of Acanthopanax senticosus extract

“…Our work is the first to provide information on modulation of the majority of 35 APW‐Ps by ISO and ZO/XY anesthesia. The comparison of control APW‐P values acquired under ISO and ZO/XY anesthesia (Figure 1; Table 1) confirms published data that both types of anesthesia influence the cardiovascular system differently 28–31 . In the case of volatile anesthetic ISO, our control APW‐Ps for systolic BP, diastolic BP, and heart rate were similar, but the pulse BP was lower as that reported by Albrecht et al 29 (Table 1).…”

“…These results support the hypotheses that it is possible to characterize the cardiovascular system in many pathophysiological conditions or actions of bioactive substances just from the detailed shape of APWs 5,6,10,11,39–42 . Unfortunately, it is not fully known which signaling pathway(s) are influenced by these anesthetics 28–31,33 . If it is known, we might speculate what changes in APW‐Ps reflect particular pathway(s).…”

“…In the case of parenteral anesthesia, the mixture of ZO/XY was used. Xylazine is pharmacologically classified as an α‐2 adrenoreceptor agonist and a component of Zoletil, tiletamine, as an N ‐methyl‐ d ‐aspartate receptor antagonist 30,34 . Cardio‐depressive action and hypotension of xylazine and tiletamine/zolazepam were described by several authors 35–38 .…”

Clinical Efficacy of Tiletamine-Zolazepam and Ketamine-Diazepam Combination on Quality of Anesthesia for Ovariohysterectomy in Dog

“…The combination was found to be useful for the induction of anesthesia as well as a sole anesthetic agent for a wide variety of diagnostic and surgical procedures. In canids zolazepam metabolizes rapidly than the tiletamine and hence there can be transient tachycardia, athetoid movements and rough recovery [8,9]. Combination of Tiletamine-Zolazepam-Ketamine-Xylazine (TKX) has been used for the sterilization of street dogs in field clinics [10] and to compare TKX with tiletamine-zolazepam [11].…”

Mixed Mammary Carcinosarcoma in Domesticated Asian Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus).

“…Prior the anaesthesia, the premedication was conducted using the subcutaneous injection of atropine sulfate (0.03 mg/kg of body weight; V-Tropin®; Peru). Further, the dissociative anaesthetic was performed intramuscularly (Dugassa and Fromsa, 2018). It is utilising the combination of ketamine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg of body weight; Ketamil®; Australia), and xylazine hydroxylate (1.5 mg/kg of body weight; Xyla®; Holland).…”