Review on diseases and health management of poultry and swine

Abstract

Poultry and swine production play an important role in countries' socioeconomic development by providing proteins that support food and nutrition security. However, several infectious and non-infectious diseases hinder the production of swine and poultry. Therefore, this review aim to provide highlight of the common disease and health management of poultry and swine. Poultry production has suffered from different pathogenic microorganisms that cause devastating economic losses in poultry industries worldwide. Poultry can be infected with common diseases like endoparasites, ectoparasites, infectious bronchitis, Marek's disease, fowl cholera, salmonellosis, infectious coryza, fowl pox, avian encephalomyelitis, etc. Health management is a system of preventive medicine that considers the whole poultry farms and the total influences, including social, with respect to relationships with others in the flock, psychological, and environmental factors that affect health. Swine production can be destructed by the influence of infectious diseases, which include Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Trichinella spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter, and Leprospira. This all causes respiratory problems, leg problems, reproductive disorders, gastrointestinal problems, claw and skin problems, parasitic infections, and piglet mortality. Endoparasites and ectoparasites are regarded as the most significant constraints for welfare and health, as well as economic loss, in swine production, particularly during the post-weaning period. However, health management of swine production can reduce the effect of disease and optimize their productivity. Herd health management practices include vaccination, genetic improvement, and observation for all animals’ clinical signs, record keeping, detection and treatment of injury, sanitation, disease, pest control, and animal handlers. Generally, disease has a great risk to the health of poultry and swine animals that causes a decrement in their production. Therefore, the health management on poultry and swine farms should have to be strictly measured and further studies need to be conducted to solve the major problem of economic loss of production.

The global prevalence and associated risk factors of Eimeria infection in domestic chickens: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…The infection can be potentially transmitted through various routes, such as direct bird‐to‐bird contact, clothing and footwear, insects like flies and beetles, as well as wild birds that come into contact with poultry facilities, breeding equipment and non‐sterilized contaminated feed bags. In addition, climatic conditions have a significant impact on transmission, as warm and humid tropical climates are potential contributors to the occurrence of these parasites (Abdelrahman et al., 2014; Etuk et al., 2004; Serbessa et al., 2023; Toledo et al., 2011).…”

Control technologies to prevent aerosol-based disease transmission in animal agriculture production settings: a review of established and emerging approaches

“…Over time, producers have developed measures to prevent disease introduction and disease spread to protect the health of animal populations. However, most of those measures have focused on minimizing disease risks through vaccination programs or biosecurity protocols that mitigate risks of contaminated fomites or infected animals ( 14 , 15 ). Examples of such measures include employees showering in and out of farms, cleaning and disinfection of transport equipment, disinfection of materials prior to farm entry, and isolation and testing of replacement animals.…”

Poultry disease early detection methods using deep learning technology

“…The poultry industry plays a critical role in global economic development. It contributes to socioeconomic growth by providing people with affluent protein and nutrition [1]. The development of agriculture is the foundation of a country's economic progress.…”

“…The transmission route for poultry cholera can be oral, nasal discharge, or feces. Some typical clinical symptoms include nasal discharge, respiratory rales, and coughing [1]. At the same time, as the joints continue to swell and deform, some inflammatory substances leak out, ultimately leading to necrosis [11].…”

“…Some clinical symptoms include poor growth, feed conversion, and even death under severe conditions. Furthermore, parasites could decrease herd immunity to other diseases [1].…”