Review on direct metal laser deposition manufacturing technology for the Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Sibisi, Percival N; Popoola, A. P. I.; Arthur, Nana Kk; Pityana, Sisa

doi:10.1007/s00170-019-04851-3

Cited by 46 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…In the same figure, the hexagonal closed packed and the body cubic centered lattice structures of the α and β phases are illustrated, respectively. Starting from the β-region (T >

= ~995 °C, [ 17 ]), where the Ti alloy shows a fully β-phase microstructure, to the room temperature, the β-phase is almost completely transformed into α-phase (~90 ÷ 95%) + β-phase (~5 ÷ 10%) due to the presence of Al and V alloying elements that stabilize the hexagonal closed packed α-phase and the body centered cubic β-phase, respectively [ 17 , 23 ]. Considering, instead, a Ti6Al4V extra low interstitial (ELI) alloy, the previously described microstructural transformation is the same, except that the β-transus temperature is at 975 °C due to the different wt% content of alloying elements [ 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing of AlSi10Mg and Ti6Al4V Lightweight Alloys via Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A Review of Heat Treatments Effects

Ghio

Cerri

2022

Materials

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Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is an additive manufacturing technology that is gaining increasing interest in aerospace, automotive and biomedical applications due to the possibility of processing lightweight alloys such as AlSi10Mg and Ti6Al4V. Both these alloys have microstructures and mechanical properties that are strictly related to the type of heat treatment applied after the L-PBF process. The present review aimed to summarize the state of the art in terms of the microstructural morphology and consequent mechanical performance of these materials after different heat treatments. While optimization of the post-process heat treatment is key to obtaining excellent mechanical properties, the first requirement is to manufacture high quality and fully dense samples. Therefore, effects induced by the L-PBF process parameters and build platform temperatures were also summarized. In addition, effects induced by stress relief, annealing, solution, artificial and direct aging, hot isostatic pressing, and mixed heat treatments were reviewed for AlSi10Mg and Ti6AlV samples, highlighting variations in microstructure and corrosion resistance and consequent fracture mechanisms.

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“…In the same figure, the hexagonal closed packed and the body cubic centered lattice structures of the α and β phases are illustrated, respectively. Starting from the β-region (T >

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing of AlSi10Mg and Ti6Al4V Lightweight Alloys via Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A Review of Heat Treatments Effects

Ghio

Cerri

2022

Materials

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“…This value can be used to estimate the amount of powder effectively delivered and melted on the substrate, as a function of the powder where A c is the top part of the scan area from the crosssection (Fig. 3), ρ p is the powder density (4.43 g/cm 3 ), and F is the powder feed rate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DED techniques differ from Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) systems mainly due to the material disposition method: while the former implies the delivery of the powder through carrier gas from nozzles directly on the building platform, in the latter, a layer of powder completely covers the whole platform each time a new layer is added [2]. PBF technologies, such as Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), grant the possibility to build more complex components, characterized by a lower surface roughness, when compared to DED [3]. Nonetheless, DED allows building rates more than 10 times greater, in addition to the ability to manufacture bigger components [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Single Scans of Ti-6Al-4V by Directed Energy Deposition: A Cost and Time Effective Methodology to Assess the Proper Process Window

et al. 2021

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Directed energy deposition is an additive manufacturing technology which usually relies on prototype machines or hybrid systems, assembled with parts from different producers. Because of this lack of standardization, the optimization of the process parameters is often a mandatory step in order to develop an efficient building process. Although, this preliminary phase is usually expensive both in terms of time and cost. The single scan approach allows to drastically reduce deposition time and material usage, as in fact only a stripe per parameters combination is deposited. These specimens can then be investigated, for example in terms of geometrical features (e.g. growth, width) and microstructure to assess the most suitable process window. In this work, Ti-6Al-4V single scans, produced by means of directed energy deposition, corresponding to a total of 50 different parameters combinations, were analyzed, focusing on several geometrical features and relative parameters correlations. Moreover, considering the susceptibility of the material to oxygen pick-up, the necessity of an additional shielding gas system was also evaluated, by comparing the specimens obtained with and without using a supplementary argon flow. A process window, which varies according to the user needs, was found together with a relationship between microstructure and process parameters, in both shielding scenarios. Graphic Abstract

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“…One major problem associated with additive manufacturing is evolution of residual stresses, leading to deformed parts and formation of defects such as pores and cracks, all of which are detrimental to the quality of deposits. 3 During the fabrication of 3D-printed titanium implants (DTs), some Ti powder is not completely melted, thereby forming on the surface of the DT. Spherical powders with diameters of 50 μm have been detected on DTs, and this gives rise to rough surface topography.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D-printed titanium implant combined with interleukin 4 regulates ordered macrophage polarization to promote bone regeneration and angiogenesis

Zhao

Ren

Wang

et al. 2021

Bone & Joint Research

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Aims The use of 3D-printed titanium implant (DT) can effectively guide bone regeneration. DT triggers a continuous host immune reaction, including macrophage type 1 polarization, that resists osseointegration. Interleukin 4 (IL4) is a specific cytokine modulating osteogenic capability that switches macrophage polarization type 1 to type 2, and this switch favours bone regeneration. Methods IL4 at concentrations of 0, 30, and 100 ng/ml was used at day 3 to create a biomimetic environment for bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell (BMMSC) osteogenesis and macrophage polarization on the DT. The osteogenic and immune responses of BMMSCs and macrophages were evaluated respectively. Results DT plus 30 ng/ml of IL4 (DT + 30 IL4) from day 3 to day 7 significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced macrophage type 2 polarization and BMMSC osteogenesis compared with the other groups. Local injection of IL4 enhanced new bone formation surrounding the DT. Conclusion DT + 30 IL4 may switch macrophage polarization at the appropriate timepoints to promote bone regeneration. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(7):411–424.

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Review on direct metal laser deposition manufacturing technology for the Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Cited by 46 publications

References 53 publications

Additive Manufacturing of AlSi10Mg and Ti6Al4V Lightweight Alloys via Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A Review of Heat Treatments Effects

Additive Manufacturing of AlSi10Mg and Ti6Al4V Lightweight Alloys via Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A Review of Heat Treatments Effects

Single Scans of Ti-6Al-4V by Directed Energy Deposition: A Cost and Time Effective Methodology to Assess the Proper Process Window

3D-printed titanium implant combined with interleukin 4 regulates ordered macrophage polarization to promote bone regeneration and angiogenesis

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