Review on developments in all-optical spectral amplitude coding techniques

Abstract

The focus of this work is to consolidate a review of accomplished research in the field of optical code division multiple accesses (OCDMA), to outline the state-of-the-art comparison, and to recognize the prominent trends as well as limitations. Code division multiple access (CDMA) has prospered as a vital solution for numerous applications such as cellular mobile communication-based wireless network technology and wired/wireless local area networks that include areas of unlicensed industry, medicine, and science. Due to the commercial utilization of the various advantages of CDMA, it has raised the matter of whether optical technology reliant communications provide the noteworthy advantages to optical networks as well as what are the technologies that facilitate optical chip-based (code division) networks. Aforementioned matter has been addressed in the context of the incorporation of OCDMA in the systems through several experiments of laboratory-based test-bed investigations, field trials, and simulation analysis of multiple users in the recent research works. The performance of OCDMA has an edge over wavelength division multiplexing and offers an unmatched capacity that is seen through simulations. To cater the explosive expansions in internet application, different spectral amplitude codes have been proposed till now. We present a review of the different spectral amplitude codes based on the reported works in spectral amplitude code OCDMA systems. For the purpose of state-of-the-art comparison, parameters considered are data speeds, advanced modulation formats, bit error rate, extinction ratio, decision algorithms, photonic efficiencies of photodetectors, frequency bands, signal-to-noise ratio, forward error correction, photodetector noises, etc., and simulations are carried out in similar input environments. We explore the advantages/limitations of the spectral amplitude codes, recent progress in the technology, practical works on spectral amplitude coding (SAC) throughout the world, encryption-decryption techniques, all-optical methods, literature comparison, future scope, and applications of the SAC-OCDMA codes.

Performance and security analysis of novel ZCCRW codes in lower earth orbit based MDM-OWC incorporating hybrid modulations

“…A simple and feasible approach incorporating MDM technique is described against eavesdropping by an expression for estimation of Eavesdroppers Probability of Correct Bit Interception. Taking the effect of code length into consideration that enhances security, the total combinations of actual code wavelengths that need to be chosen by the eavesdropper for correct codeword detection are calculated in [33] as…”

Performance Optimization of Diagonal Identity Matrix and Enhanced Double Weight Codes in Terms of Security for Short Haul Communication

“…In proposed work, two different OCDMA codes are simulated at 30 Gbps such as enhanced double weight code and diagonal identity matrix code in optisystem software. Code construction of EDW codes for seven users is given in [7] and similarly, DIM code construction is presented in [8]. Figure 1 depicts the block diagram of proposed system by incorporating two different SAC codes.…”

“…However there is cross correlation due to which its performance limits in the multi user network. In our previous work [8], we have proposed zero cross correlation code without mapping to support any number of users and named it as diagonal identity matrix codes.Along with the performance on the OCDMA codes, security is an utmost issue because without high security, an unauthorized user can access sensitive information. In order to increase the security of the system, long length CDMA codes are needed but it comes on the stake of low bandwidth efficiency.…”

Security enhancement of 2-D DIM codes using 4 × 1 NOR logic based on FISO

“…In this research article, for the first time, we demonstrate a 4 x 100 Gbps OCDMA system using diagonal identity matrix codes [21] with ciphertexting using private key and four input single output (FISO) all optical DCF-MZI based NOR/AND gates. In order to breach network security, eavesdroppers have to break not only logic gates operations but also private key cipher texting.…”

“…codes are ZCC codes with improved performance because of lesser multiple access interference as investigated in[21] as compared to enhanced double weight codes (EDW), multidiagonal codes (MD), Walsh Hadamard (WH) codes, Double diagonal weight codes (DDW) etc. In this work, 2D-DIM codes are investigated with FISO and comparison is carried out in Figure9with 1D-DIM codes with FISO in terms of maximum eye amplitude (MEA).…”