Review on chemical compositions and biological activities of peanut ( Arachis hypogeae L.)

Abstract

Peanut (Arachis hypogeae L.), as an annual leguminous crop, is also known as earthnut, monkey nut, and goobers. It is a major oilbearing crop and is widely cultivated throughout the world, of which China and India have the largest cultivation area and production (Arya et al., 2016). Peanuts ranks as the 13th largest food crop and the 4th largest oil crop in the world (Zhao et al., 2021). Unlike most plants, fruits of peanuts grow in soil, not on the ground. A complete peanut consists of peanut shells, peanut skins, and peanut seeds, in which peanut skins and peanut seeds are edible parts. Peanut seeds are rich in nutrients, oil content of about 50%, protein content of more than 20%, and mineral and vitamin contents are also rich (Yaw et al., 2008). Owing to its high oil content, peanut was once considered an unhealthy food. Peanut skins contain rich natural antioxidants such as polyphenol compounds, but it is usually considered a low-value by-product in food industries (Ballard et al., 2009;Dudek et al., 2017). It is valuable to study the biological activity of peanut skins so that they are not wasted as by-products. Peanut has multiple uses and is used to make edible oil, emulsifier, animal

Effects of Resveratrol on Vascular Function in Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

“…One potential compound that was shown to reduce nitro-oxidative stress in numerous tissues is the phytoalexin, resveratrol. The substance was found in a variety of food sources, such as grapes, raspberries, mulberries, and peanuts [ 13 , 14 ]. Intriguingly, resveratrol was shown to exert tissue-protective properties in a variety of disease models, including studies that tested I/R effects in the heart, brain, spinal marrow, and kidney [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Molecular Interactions between a Flavonoid and Lysozyme: A Spectroscopic, Thermodynamic, and Computational Study

“…It is present in many plants, including also in both seeds and cell walls of plants such as rice, oats, wheat, the Chinese water chestnut, and pineapple [5,6] . The other source of ferulic acid is seeded from apples, coffee, artichoke, peanut, and orange as well as vegetables‐ broccoli, spinach, cabbage, potatoes, and carrot [5,7] . It is a potent antioxidant effect because, of several kinds of functional groups, the electron donating group on the benzene ring (3‐methoxy and more importantly 4‐hydroxyl) another function group unsaturated C−C double bond that properly contributes to terminating the free radical chain reactions [8] .…”

Chemical Properties of Peanut Oil from Arachis hypogaea L. ‘Tainan 14’ and Its Oxidized Volatile Formation

“…Unsaponifiables have health-promoting effects and improve oil stability including sesame in sesame oil, polyphenols in olive oil, kaempferol in camellia oil, and γ-oryzanol in rice bran oil [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. The peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) is a plant of the Fabaceae family (legumes) and is an excellent source of oil (50%), protein (approximately 25% of energy), and dietary fiber (9%) [ 19 ]. Peanuts are the most important oil-bearing industrial crop, with worldwide production reaching 43.98 million tons [ 20 ].…”

“…Oil and food production are the two main uses of peanuts. Cold-pressed peanut oil is the traditional bulk edible oil in China and India, which is suitable for deep frying foods due to its high smoke point and low production of trans fatty acids [ 19 , 20 ]. Peanut oil has a unique flavor, which is very popular with numerous consumers.…”

“…Peanut composition differs greatly due to the improved crop variety [ 19 ]. In this study, Tainan 14 peanuts were selected due to their unique characteristics including purple skin, which has a higher polyphenol content than normal brown peanuts.…”