Review on Biodiesel Production from Various Feedstocks Using 12-Tungstophosphoric Acid (TPA) as a Solid Acid Catalyst Precursor

Abstract

Solid acid catalysts are an important class of catalysts because of their applications in various organic reactions. A 12-tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) is a member of heteropoly acid (HPA) compounds, which grabbed attention because of its low volatility, low corrosivity, higher activity, and acidity compared to sulfuric acid. However, the major problems of using TPA are its solubility in polar media, and its lower surface area. Therefore, various techniques are applied to use it as heterogeneous catalysts. Biodiesel is a diesel substitute renewable fuel, which is produced from various renewable feedstocks through transesterification or esterification reactions. Acid catalysts can catalyze both transesterification and esterification reactions. For this reason, research has been conducted to study the catalytic activity of various TPA precursory solid acid catalysts for biodiesel production. In this Review, a data mining technique has been applied to extract valuable information from the previously published literature. For this purpose, an artificial neural network (ANN) model has been developed based on the published research data to capture the general trends or to make predictions. Both catalyst properties and reaction conditions are trended and predicted using the network model.

A meta-analysis of catalytic literature data reveals property-performance correlations for the OCM reaction

“…Despite the existence of a vast amount of well-documented experiments also in heterogeneous catalysis, hardly any corresponding meta-analyses have been reported. Efforts to collect and analyze sets of literature data have been reported primarily for the water gas shift reaction (WGS) 7 , CO-oxidation 8–10 , transesterification in biodiesel production 11 , and electro-catalytic oxidation of alcohols in direct alcohol fuel cells 12 . However, neither did these studies identify new structure–activity relationships nor could they provide simple chemical explanations for the observed statistical effects.…”

Dynamic modeling and optimization of sustainable algal production with uncertainty using multivariate Gaussian processes

“…Within the last decade, there has been a push toward the use of ANNs in chemical engineering (Himmelblau, 2008), where they have found use as estimators and as part of simulation of processes (Pareek et al, 2002;Nelofer et al, 2012;Feng et al, 2013;Mohd Ali et al, 2015). As an example, ANNs have been employed for modeling and prediction in traditional processes such as in distillation, fuel production and in the design of fuel cells (Ochoa-Estopier et al, 2012;Feng et al, 2013;Baroi and Dalai, 2014). They have been also extensively used to simulate difficult processes such as the influence of parameters in catalyst preparation through experimental data (Gunay et al, 2012), or even to extract such rules from existing literature (Odabasi et al, 2014).…”

Topotactic transformation of homogeneous phosphotungastomolybdic acid materials to heterogeneous solid acid catalyst for carbohydrate conversion to alkyl methylfurfural and alkyl levulinate

“…Recently heteropoly acid (HPA) materials attract more attention as solid acid catalysts possess and show strong Brønsted acidity. 15 Studies at molecular level show that it have unique physicochemical properties, with their structural mobility and multi-functionality nature, these make it an ideal catalyst for the biofuels industry. 16 Due to their higher acidity, and tunable acidic properties these are classified as a super acid 17 because of its strong Brønsted acidity it showed vast application to acid catalysed reactions, HPA has attracted much interest.…”