Review on Approved and Inprogress COVID-19 Vaccines

Abstract

: The last generation of Coronavirus named COVID-19 is responsible for the recent worldwide outbreak. Concerning the widespread and quick predominance, there is a critical requirement for designing appropriate vaccines to surmount this grave problem. Correspondingly, in this revision, COVID-19 vaccines (which are being developed until March 29th, 2021) are classified into specific and non-specific categories. Specific vaccines comprise genetic-based vaccines (mRNA, DNA), vector-based, protein/recombinant protein vaccines, inactivated viruses, live-attenuated vaccines, and novel strategies including microneedle arrays (MNAs), and nanoparticles vaccines. Moreover, specific vaccines such as BCG, MRR, and a few other vaccines are considered Non-specific. What is more, according to the significance of Bioinformatic sciences in the cutting-edge vaccine design and rapid outbreak of COVID-19, herein, Bioinformatic principles including reverse vaccinology, epitopes prediction/selection and, their further applications in the design of vaccines are discussed. Last but not least, safety, challenges, advantages, and future prospects of COVID-19 vaccines are highlighted.

Nanomaterials for mRNA‐based therapeutics: Challenges and opportunities

“…For instance, LNPs‐mediated delivery of IL‐10 mRNA can promote the expression of IL‐10 in inflammatory leukocytes and attenuate the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐induced colitis in experimental mouse 155 . Moreover, LNPs mediated delivery of mRNA vaccines against COVID‐19 has confirmed encouraging results and shown a perfect protective efficacy across different population 60,127 . In addition, LNPs mediated delivery of Cas9 mRNA is to exert cancer immunotherapy or genome editing 156–158 …”

“…126 Two rapid-response mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273 and against COVID-19. 127 131 Moreover, most of these mRNA vaccines have been in the phase of clinical trials. 131…”

Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

“…Nonetheless, booster vaccination is recommended, as the protective effect diminishes over time. While many COVID-19 vaccines are being developed around the world, at present, the main vaccines are mRNA- and viral vector-based vaccines [ 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 ]. Vaccine development is progressing using various methods, including conventional inactivated and recombinant protein vaccines.…”

“…Vaccines are methods of biological preparation containing attenuated or killed pathogens, and their components are administered to confer pathogen-specific immunity, effective only against targeted pathogens. Live vaccines that use attenuated pathogens are called inactivated vaccines, which use killed pathogens or their components [ 102 , 117 , 118 ]. In addition, vaccines using infectious viral vectors have been developed.…”

“…The components of pathogens used in previous inactivated vaccines were mainly proteins and polysaccharides, whereas the COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer and Moderna) used mRNA. Genetic vaccines, such as mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines, have the advantage of being put into practical use quickly, and are useful in pandemic scenarios requiring urgency [ 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 ]. mRNA vaccines using the S protein present on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 have been developed and have shown promising results.…”