Review on 3D Fabrication at Nanoscale

Abstract

Among the different nanostructures that have been demonstrated as promising materials for various applications, three–dimensional (3D) nanostructures have attracted significant attention as building blocks for constructing high-performance nanodevices because of their unusual mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and magnetic properties arising from their novel size effects and abundant active catalytic/reactive sites due to the high specific surface area. Considerable research efforts have been devoted to designing, fabricating, and evaluating 3D nanostructures for applications, including structural composites, electronics, photonics, biomedical engineering, and energy. This review provides an overview of the nanofabrication strategies that have been developed to fabricate 3D functional architectures with exquisite control over their morphology at the nanoscale. The pros and cons of the typical synthetic methods and experimental protocols are reviewed and outlined. Future challenges of fabrication of 3D nanostructured materials are also discussed to further advance current nanoscience and nanotechnology.

A Review on Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Nanofabrication, Characterization and Applications

“…3D nanostructures with hollow shells, such as mesoporous microspheres, can act as a carrier media for other nanopowder or nanomaterial. The ability to accommodate large amounts of drug make them suitable for therapeutic applications [ 38 ].…”

Click Chemistry: A Promising Tool for Building Hierarchical Structures

“…In contrast to the other shown categories, the 2D ➔ 3D fabrication using click chemistry is not significantly mentioned in the literature. Moreover, several comprehensive reviews such as [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ] in the field did not mention click chemistry at all as a possible method for such a purpose. However, a few examples found in the literature are reviewed in this section.…”

Gas-Phase Synthesis of Iron Silicide Nanostructures Using a Single-Source Precursor: Comparing Direct-Write Processing and Thermal Conversion

“…In addition, the maskless site-selective writing of nanostructures with the desired shape and dimension using focused electron/ion beams is a powerful tool for bottom-up nanofabrication. − While a large variety of approaches based on additive manufacturing have reached a high level of sophistication for objects down to the lower micrometer range, challenges remain for the preparation of 3D nanostructures. , The general trend of miniaturization of devices and functional 1D–3D structures requires continuous progress enabling the development of novel applications due to specific functionalities emerging at the nanoscale (e.g., plasmonics, magnetic phenomena). ,− Therefore, both techniques, focused- electron-beam- and focused-ion-beam-induced deposition (FEBID/FIBID), are of particular interest. General introductions to the subject, including the physics of beam–substrate interactions ,, and suitable precursors for FEBID/FIBID, − are available.…”

“… 4 − 6 While a large variety of approaches based on additive manufacturing have reached a high level of sophistication for objects down to the lower micrometer range, challenges remain for the preparation of 3D nanostructures. 7 , 8 The general trend of miniaturization of devices and functional 1D–3D structures requires continuous progress enabling the development of novel applications due to specific functionalities emerging at the nanoscale (e.g., plasmonics, magnetic phenomena). 4 , 9 − 19 Therefore, both techniques, focused- electron-beam- and focused-ion-beam-induced deposition (FEBID/FIBID), are of particular interest.…”