Review of Voltage and Frequency Grid Code Specifications for Electrical Energy Storage Applications

Abstract

To ensure the stability and reliability of the power network operation, a number of Grid Codes have been used to specify the technical boundary requirements for different countries and areas. With the fast propagation of the usage of Electrical Energy Storage (EES), it is quite important to study how the EES technology with its development can help the Grid Code realization. The paper provides a comprehensive study of Great Britain (GB) Grid Code mainly on its voltage and frequency relevant specifications, with a comparison of other countries' grid operation regulations. The different types of EES technologies with their technical characteristics in relation to meeting Grid Codes have been analysed. From the study, apart from direct grid-connection to provide grid services on meeting Grid Codes, EES devices with different technologies can be used as auxiliary units in fossil-fuelled power plants and renewable generation to support the whole systems' operation. The paper also evaluates the potentials of different types of EES technologies for implementing the relevant applications based on the Grid Codes. Some recommendations are given at the end, for the EES technology development to help the Grid Code realization and to support the relevant applications.

Energy Storage System Event-Driven Frequency Control Using Neural Networks to Comply with Frequency Grid Code

“…Maintaining the system frequency is important, because excessive frequency deviation from the standard can adversely affect the power system equipment. For this reason, most countries have their own grid code associated with a frequency [22]. Since the inertia of power systems is presently decreasing as the conventional generators with inertia are replaced with IBRs, the importance of frequency-regulation ESSs is increasing.…”

Analysis of Doubly Fed Induction Generators Participating in Continuous Frequency Regulation with Different Wind Speeds Considering Regulation Power Constraints

“…However, due to the randomness and volatility of wind power, and lack of the frequency regulation capability, the large-scale high penetration wind power integration is adverse to the frequency stability of the power system. For this reason, the world's major developed wind power countries and regions have standardized the frequency regulation capability of wind power by the grid code and make explicit requirements [2,3].…”

Dynamic Power System Modeling for the Integration of Energy Storage

“…In different countries and areas, there is a series of Grid Codes that specific the technical boundary requirements related to the operation of and connection to the electricity network [9]. For example, the Great Britain (GB) Grid Code stipulates that all generating units must be able to support frequency /voltage control by continuous modulation of active/reactive power to maintain the stability and reliability of power networks [9,10]. According to the GB Grid Code, the nominal grid frequency range in the UK is 50 ± 0.5 Hz under normal operations, and in emergency critical situations from 47.0 to 52.0 Hz [9,10].…”

“…For example, the Great Britain (GB) Grid Code stipulates that all generating units must be able to support frequency /voltage control by continuous modulation of active/reactive power to maintain the stability and reliability of power networks [9,10]. According to the GB Grid Code, the nominal grid frequency range in the UK is 50 ± 0.5 Hz under normal operations, and in emergency critical situations from 47.0 to 52.0 Hz [9,10]. In this case, there are requirements on the active power output level and duration of grid-connected units [10].…”

“…In this case, there are requirements on the active power output level and duration of grid-connected units [10]. Regarding the voltage regulation, it is essential for the units to obey the fault/low-voltage ride-through requirements, and more importantly to support the recovery of the voltage level [9].…”