Review of two decade geothermal energy development in Iran, benefits, challenges, and future policy

Noorollahi, Younes; Shabbir, Muhammad Salman; Siddiqi, Ahmed Faisal; Ilyashenko, Lubov K.; Ahmadi, Esmaeil

doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2018.10.004

Cited by 85 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…On Mars, the presence of volcanic structures such as Olympus Mons, Arsia Mons, Pavonis Mons, Ascraeus, Mons, among others, indicate an active past in terms of volcanism [55] [56]. This past (and possibly current) volcanic activity on Mars offers the possibility of taking advantage of geothermal resources for Wisdom City, due to the close location of Ascraeus Mons, providing sustainability over time.…”

Section: Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mars Dichotomy: Prospects for human life on Mars

Leal¹,

Tovar²,

Nieves³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The red planet story began with the successful flyby of the American Probe Mariner 4 in July 1965. Eventually, on December 1971 the Soviet lander Mars 3 had the first landing on the surface of Mars. However, the search for life on other planets or the human establishment on other planets was part of science fiction. Only the Viking program, in 1975, changed the mindset of the entire world. Mars Pathfinder, Phoenix, Curiosity and other technical probes, landers and rovers, updated information on the conditions of Mars and thus improve materials, technology, and capabilities to put humans on Mars. Centuries of special Career have allowed to build Martian cities, where Space X, Blue Origins, and different governments and private companies around the world, achieved in 2042 the establishment of Star City [1], the first city outside of Earth with 1000 inhabitants. However, the population has continued to grow and the design of one or more cities that have changed the accommodation of 1,000,000 people is required. The requirement is that the city must be sustainable in resources, economy, and social dynamics. In this way, Mars Dichotomy proposal will begin its implementation from now on, achieving balance in 2350. From the point of view of Mars' physiography and topography, two highly different sectors are perceived. It is possible to appreciate that 40% of the planet displays very few impact craters, while the other 60% are regions with numerous impact records. Because of this it has been called that Mars presents a dichotomy or commonly said: Two faces. When thinking about the generation of large, diverse Martian cities and where science and technology must be the center of progress, we have also thought about maintaining a dichotomous character, which is why our proposal Mars Dichotomy proposes the design of two cities with concepts, characteristics and different productive sectors as follows: A. Wisdom City: At a height of 4 kilometers above the mean planetary radius (MPR), located at Ascraeus Mons region (Fig. 1a). Strategically located because the presence of ore deposits, caverns, and lava tubes, which appear to be open to the surface and can serve as shelter for inhabitants. The name of the city is inspired by the evolution of the scientific knowledge of humanity. The concept of living underground reminds us of the myth of the philosopher Plato, where some people live in caves and what they observe are shadows, until one of them manages to get out and see the surface, observing nature and the world; and then go back and tell others what was observed [2]. In the same way it connects us with our history and our origins, human beings in their beginnings lived in caves and once we went out and knew the world, we were able to look at the sky and recognize stars and planets, dreaming of one day getting there. We are now in the sky looking at Earth planet, to start a new story as space cavemen. B. Endurance City: The Medusae Fossae region (Fig. 1b) has been chosen for the high presence of hydrogen, therefore a good pl...

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Section: Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mars Dichotomy: Prospects for human life on Mars

Leal¹,

Tovar²,

Nieves³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…28,29 This source of energy is originated from internal structural features of the earth. 28,29 This source of energy is originated from internal structural features of the earth.…”

Section: Geothermal Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Geothermal energy is a renewable source of energy which is stored as heat in the depth of the earth. 28,29 This source of energy is originated from internal structural features of the earth. 30 One of the major restrictions toward geothermal energy utilization is the accessibility to these thermal resources.…”

Section: Geothermal Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Geothermal energy use in hydrogen production: A review

et al. 2019

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Summary The major logics resulting in hydrogen production can be mentioned as fossil fuel depletion and climate change. In this way, hydrogen is produced with the help of numerous processes based on traditional and alternative energy resources like coal, natural gas, wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal energy. Over the past decade, the attention of research institutions and industry has been drawn to hydrogen, inspired by developments in renewable energies. Hydrogen production can be considered as an exceptional choice to make complete utilization of the renewable energy. Among diverse technologies, hydrogen production based on geothermal energy offers great promise. In this paper, initially a concise summary of present and advancing hydrogen production technologies is presented, and secondarily a comprehensive review of research associated with hydrogen production based on geothermal energy is provided. Thirdly, the process descriptions of geothermal‐assisted hydrogen production coupled with its technical, economic, and environmental aspects are addressed. Finally, comparative assessments of costs and environmental aspects related to hydrogen production based on different energy sources have been performed. In accordance with the results, the geothermal‐assisted hydrogen production cost based on electrolysis is competitively lower than other sources like wind, solar thermal coupled with natural gas, solar PV, and grid. Also, the same behavior can be seen for geothermal‐assisted hydrogen production cost based on thermochemical process.

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“…In order to meet the ever-increasing global demand for energy without compromising on environmental protections and sustainable development goals, it is essential that fossil fuel-burning power plants are gradually replaced by renewable energy systems [3]. A crucial component of sustainable development, the development and expansion of renewable energy systems should greatly increase national endeavours to satisfy the economic, environmental, and social goals of the 21st century [4]. Geothermal energy is not only one of the most reliable, stable, and clean energy sources available, but it can be harvested regardless of the weather and climate conditions [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Thorough Analysis of Potential Geothermal Project Locations in Afghanistan

et al. 2020

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In recent decades, many countries have shown a growing interest in the use of renewable energies for power generation. Geothermal energy is a clean and environmentally friendly source of renewable energy that can be used to produce electricity and heat for industrial and domestic applications. While Afghanistan has undeniably good geothermal potential that can be utilised to alleviate the country’s current energy limitations, so far this potential has remained completely untapped. In this study, the suitability of 21 provinces for geothermal project implementation in Afghanistan was evaluated using multiple multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. The stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) method was used to weigh each criterion while the additive ratio assessment (ARAS) method was used to rank potential geothermal sites. The technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), the vlse kriterijumsk optimizacija kompromisno resenje (VIKOR), and the weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) methods were also used in this study. These rankings were then examined via sensitivity analysis which indicated that a 5% change in criteria weights altered the rankings in all methods except the VIKOR method. Volcanic dome density was ranked the most important criteria. All the methods identified Ghazni province as the most suitable location for geothermal project implementation in Afghanistan.

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Review of two decade geothermal energy development in Iran, benefits, challenges, and future policy

Cited by 85 publications

References 40 publications

Mars Dichotomy: Prospects for human life on Mars

Mars Dichotomy: Prospects for human life on Mars

Geothermal energy use in hydrogen production: A review

A Thorough Analysis of Potential Geothermal Project Locations in Afghanistan

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